Professional Integrity and Science
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Professional Integrity and Science

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Questions and Answers

What is a key aspect of science that involves distinguishing between theories and evidence?

  • Gathering anecdotal historical evidence
  • Rewarding researchers based on their agreement with existing theories
  • Being open to criticism of theories and evidence (correct)
  • Accepting evidence collected behind closed doors

    • In the context of pseudoscience, what is a common characteristic regarding probabilities and mathematics?

  • Utilizing probabilities to test theories
  • Ignoring probabilities in favor of anecdotal evidence
  • Replacing probabilities with certainties (correct)
  • Understanding probabilities fully

    • What is a common logical fallacy observed in arguments where the authority of an individual is used as evidence?

  • Ad hominem
  • Argument from antiquity (correct)
  • Logical appeal
  • Argument from consensus

    • Which factor contributes to the replication crisis in scientific research?

    <p>Pressure to publish new studies without replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates science from pseudoscience in terms of how evidence is treated?

    <p>Being open to criticism and transparent about evidence collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pseudoscience from science in terms of evidence collection?

    <p>Pseudoscience typically relies on anecdotal and poorly controlled historical evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the replication crisis in scientific research?

    <p>The crisis is caused by the desire for new studies in publications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to making evidence-based conclusions in science probabilistic in nature?

    <p>The continuous process of improving knowledge based on evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common aspect of pseudoscience regarding qualifications and grant procedures?

    <p>Pseudoscience often involves purchase of qualifications with minimal training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In distinguishing between science and pseudoscience, what role does transparency play in evidence collection?

    <p>Science emphasizes complete transparency in gathering evidence, unlike pseudoscience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integrated Professional, Ethical, and Personal Identity

    • Understanding the interaction between personal and professional selves in an ethical context
    • Using best-known practices ensures harm minimization, defensible treatments, and systematic accumulation of knowledge

    Science and Evidence

    • Science involves an attitude of humility, wonder, and commitment to understanding the truth
    • Involves understanding methods used to generate evidence and distinguishing between theories and evidence
    • Recognizes that understandings are distinct from individuals who propose or support them
    • Accepts that evidence-based conclusions are probabilistic and open to criticism
    • Requires transparency in evidence gathering and open communication for worldwide transmission of findings and criticism

    Pseudoscience

    • Characterized by arrogance, accepting anecdotal and poorly controlled evidence, and inability to distinguish between theories and evidence
    • Often involves an "important" individual associated with the theory, and evidence collected behind closed doors
    • May involve one-way transmission of information with no opportunity for questioning or criticism
    • May have little value or formalized qualifications, and status or promotions guaranteed by supporting current beliefs

    Logical Fallacies

    • Argument from/ Appeal to Authority: believing something is true because an important person said it or endorses it
    • Ad Hominem: attacking someone personally instead of their claim or evidence
    • Argument from/Appeal to Antiquity: believing something is true because it has been known for a long time

    Replication Crisis

    • Process of repeating research to determine the extent to which findings generalize across time and situations
    • Factors contributing to the crisis include pressure to publish, desire for new studies, and lack of transparency in evidence gathering

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    Description

    Explore the concept of an integrated professional, ethical, and personal identity and understand the importance of ethical considerations in one's personal and professional life. Learn how to minimize harm, avoid untested techniques, and choose the most effective treatments in practice.

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