18 Questions
During the End of 18th century-Beginning of 19th century, what was the primary purpose of the mutual aid societies established by workers?
To protect against wage loss in case of a disability
What was one reason for the labor movement to be suspicious of management involvement in healthcare insurance during the 18th and 19th centuries?
To view it as generating loyalty
What did the participants of the Blue Cross Plan negotiated with Baylor University Hospital receive by paying $3 per semester?
3 weeks of in-patient care
What was a significant outcome of the efforts by consumers and medical providers during the Great Depression- Beginning of World War 2 period?
Development of new ways to provide medical care
Why did workers form mutual aid societies during the End of 18th century-Beginning of 19th century?
To protect against wage loss due to disability
What was the main reason for the formation of mutual aid societies by workers during the 18th and 19th centuries?
To protect against financial loss due to medical costs
What was the purpose of Blue Shield?
Organized a framework for prepaid plans for physician services
What allowed employers to contribute to employee welfare funds as a deductible business expense?
Revision to the Internal Revenue Code
Who was involved in the efforts to expand all employee benefits after World War 2?
National Labor Relations Board and unions
What was the consequence of federal wage policies put in place during World War 2?
Collective bargaining over health benefits
What did individuals initially have the freedom to do regarding health collectives?
Join or leave at will
Which factor contributed to the growth of insurance by building loyalty through contributions to employee welfare funds?
Revision to the Internal Revenue Code
According to John Rawls, what does 'justice as fairness' propose?
Arbitrary inequalities should be addressed through equal satisfaction of claims.
What does Rawls suggest individuals do when making choices according to 'justice as fairness'?
They should make choices without knowing their personal characteristics.
How does Rawls view society in his framework of 'justice as fairness'?
As a mutually advantageous cooperative venture.
What is the main idea behind Rawls's concept of 'justice as fairness'?
Addressing arbitrary inequalities through fair decision-making.
What does Rawls propose should be done about social and economic inequalities according to 'justice as fairness'?
They should be permissible if they do not affect the least advantaged.
Why does Rawls acknowledge challenges in the idea of society as a 'cooperative venture'?
If there is no explicit consent from all individuals involved.
Study Notes
Development of Health Insurance in the USA
- The development of health insurance in the USA went through three stages:
- End of 18th century to beginning of 19th century: Mutual aid societies were established by workers to protect against wage loss due to disability.
- Great Depression to beginning of World War 2: Consumers and medical providers developed new ways to provide medical care, leading to the creation of Blue Cross Plan and Blue Shield.
- Post World War 2: Efforts of the National Labor Relations Board and unions expanded employee benefits, and revisions to the Internal Revenue Code allowed employer contributions to employee welfare funds to be a deductible business expense.
Blue Cross and Blue Shield
- Blue Shield was developed by doctors to organize a framework for prepaid plans for physician services.
- Blue Cross Plan was developed by a group of teachers in Dallas, who negotiated an agreement with Baylor University Hospital to receive 3 weeks of in-patient care for a payment of $3 per semester.
Factors Influencing Growth of Insurance
- Revision to the Internal Revenue Code allowed employers contributing to employee welfare funds to be a deductible business expense.
- Federal wage policies put in place to control inflation led to employees receiving increased benefits instead of direct wage increases.
Debate over Government-Sponsored Health Care
- In Canada, health insurance is compulsory and administered by the government, whereas in the USA it is voluntary.
- Labour movement was suspicious of management involvement in health insurance, viewing it as generating loyalty.
John Rawls' Theory of Justice
- John Rawls proposed the concept of "justice as fairness," where individuals make choices behind a "veil of ignorance," not knowing their personal characteristics, to ensure fairness.
- He argued that inequalities in income and wealth are the result of prior distributions of natural assets influenced by social circumstances and chance contingencies.
- Rawls proposed that principles of justice should be chosen in a fair decision-making situation, and that society should be considered a "mutually advantageous cooperative venture."
Test your knowledge on insurance misrepresentation, ethical violations, and the importance of understanding insurance policies independently. Learn about the professional practitioners' role in providing reliable advice and the difference in health insurance programs between Canada and the USA.
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