Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) in insulin therapy?
What is the primary purpose of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) in insulin therapy?
Which insulin type is characterized by a rapid onset and a short duration of action?
Which insulin type is characterized by a rapid onset and a short duration of action?
What should a patient do after receiving a rapid-acting insulin injection?
What should a patient do after receiving a rapid-acting insulin injection?
What is the purpose of using clean hair for electrode application?
What is the purpose of using clean hair for electrode application?
Signup and view all the answers
Which area of the body is noted as having the greatest absorption for insulin injections?
Which area of the body is noted as having the greatest absorption for insulin injections?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be assessed before proceeding with an angiography procedure?
What should be assessed before proceeding with an angiography procedure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of non-sulfonylurea medication?
Which of the following is NOT a type of non-sulfonylurea medication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nursing consideration is important when performing electromyography (EMG)?
Which nursing consideration is important when performing electromyography (EMG)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of using a felt-tip pen during the procedure?
What is the purpose of using a felt-tip pen during the procedure?
Signup and view all the answers
What sensation is similar to that experienced during an electromyography (EMG)?
What sensation is similar to that experienced during an electromyography (EMG)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary consequence of poor circulation due to increasing blood glucose?
What is a primary consequence of poor circulation due to increasing blood glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes microangiopathy?
Which of the following accurately describes microangiopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organs are most affected by macroangiopathy?
Which organs are most affected by macroangiopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a leading cause of blindness in people with diabetes?
What is a leading cause of blindness in people with diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary consequence of hyperglycemia in relation to urine production?
What is the primary consequence of hyperglycemia in relation to urine production?
Signup and view all the answers
What major organs are affected by decreasing blood flow due to microvascular disease?
What major organs are affected by decreasing blood flow due to microvascular disease?
Signup and view all the answers
How does hyperglycemia affect cellular hydration levels?
How does hyperglycemia affect cellular hydration levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What prompts a higher risk of infections in individuals with poor circulation?
What prompts a higher risk of infections in individuals with poor circulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What pathological change occurs in blood vessels due to macrovascular disease?
What pathological change occurs in blood vessels due to macrovascular disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism leads to the sensation of increased thirst known as polydipsia?
Which mechanism leads to the sensation of increased thirst known as polydipsia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cerebrovascular complication is a frequent occurrence in macrovascular disease?
Which type of cerebrovascular complication is a frequent occurrence in macrovascular disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers polyphagia in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes?
What triggers polyphagia in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes glycosuria?
Which of the following best describes glycosuria?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does hyperglycemia have on liver glucose production?
What effect does hyperglycemia have on liver glucose production?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological process leads to excessive urination in hyperglycemic individuals?
What physiological process leads to excessive urination in hyperglycemic individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement describes fasting hyperglycemia?
Which statement describes fasting hyperglycemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common symptom of preproliferative retinopathy?
What is a common symptom of preproliferative retinopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is characteristic of proliferative retinopathy?
Which of the following is characteristic of proliferative retinopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is nephropathy primarily related to?
What condition is nephropathy primarily related to?
Signup and view all the answers
How does neuropathy affect joint health?
How does neuropathy affect joint health?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of nephropathy?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of nephropathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What does decreased sensation of pain and temperature indicate in patients with neuropathy?
What does decreased sensation of pain and temperature indicate in patients with neuropathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What visual symptoms may indicate hemorrhage in proliferative retinopathy?
What visual symptoms may indicate hemorrhage in proliferative retinopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What physiological change occurs due to low temperature in preproliferative retinopathy?
What physiological change occurs due to low temperature in preproliferative retinopathy?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition may result from exercising with elevated glucose levels?
What condition may result from exercising with elevated glucose levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?
What is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true regarding long-acting insulin?
Which statement is true regarding long-acting insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
In Type 2 diabetes, which of the following is typically true?
In Type 2 diabetes, which of the following is typically true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of sulfonylureas in diabetes management?
What is the purpose of sulfonylureas in diabetes management?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the correct approach to administering insulin for achieving 24-hour coverage?
What is the correct approach to administering insulin for achieving 24-hour coverage?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor does NOT pertain to the different categories of insulin?
What factor does NOT pertain to the different categories of insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about Type 2 diabetes is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about Type 2 diabetes is incorrect?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Diabetes
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.
- It results from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both.
- Classifications include: Type 1, Type 2, Gestational, and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA).
- Risk factors for type 2: Age (>30 years), high triglycerides (≥250 mg/dL), low HDL (<35 mg/dL), family history, obesity (BMI ≥ 30, >20% over ideal weight), and hypertension.
- Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in little or no insulin production.
- Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
- The pancreas is the organ involved in diabetes, with two main functions: Exocrine (producing digestive enzymes) and Endocrine (producing insulin & glucagon).
- Insulin function: Decreases blood glucose levels; facilitates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fats.
- Glucagon function: Increases blood glucose levels; stimulates liver to release stored glucose.
- Diabetic Ketone Acidosis (DKA) is a complication characterized by high ketone bodies, which are highly acidic.
- Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS) is a serious complication characterized by high blood glucose levels but without significant ketone production
Gestational Diabetes
- Glucose intolerance during pregnancy; typically develops in the 2nd or 3rd trimester.
- Risk factors include pregnancy with marked obesity, history of gestational diabetes, glycosuria (glucose in urine), and strong family history of diabetes.
- Diagnosis is performed through the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)
- Autoimmune beta-cell destruction.
- Typically develops later in life (less than 50 years old). Can be an onset for some Type 2 patients, or an early onset for Type 1 diabetes.
Complications of Diabetes
- Macrovascular complications (affects large blood vessels): Coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, peripheral artery disease.
- Microvascular complications (affects small blood vessels): Nephropathy (kidney damage), retinopathy (eye damage), and neuropathy (nerve damage).
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): A serious complication of uncontrolled diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis.
- Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS): A life-threatening complication characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels, dehydration, and absence of significant ketoacidosis.
Diabetes Management
- Dietary modifications (reducing saturated fats, increasing fiber & protein).
- Exercise to increase insulin sensitivity and help manage blood sugar levels.
- Medications like oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) or insulin therapy.
- Tight glycemic control to prevent or delay complications.
Diabetic Neuropathies
- A group of nerve disorders secondary to diabetes
- Includes sensorimotor, autonomic, and proximal neuropathy
- Symptoms of these can vary widely, so assessing for symptoms and their progression is crucial
Diabetic Foot
- Injuries, infections, ischemia, and nerve damage resulting in the development of ulcers
- Risk factors include peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
Diabetic Retinopathy
- A complication that affects the retina of the eye
- Characterized by damage to blood vessels in the retina, which may result in vision loss.
- Early detection through regular eye exams is crucial.
Diabetic Nephropathy
- Damage to the kidney from uncontrolled blood glucose levels, results in kidney failure.
- Prevention through good disease management is vital.
Diabetic Complications
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Ketoacidosis
- HHS
- Neuropathy
- Nephropathy
- Retinopathy
- Foot ulcers
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores key concepts related to insulin therapy, including self-monitoring blood glucose, types of insulin, and essential nursing considerations for procedures like angiography and electromyography. Test your knowledge on the best practices and mechanisms behind effective diabetes management and patient care.
