Insulin Therapy and Monitoring Quiz
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What is the primary purpose of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) in insulin therapy?

  • To ensure accurate monitoring of blood glucose (correct)
  • To track dietary intake of carbohydrates
  • To measure the effectiveness of oral medications
  • To determine the duration of insulin action

Which insulin type is characterized by a rapid onset and a short duration of action?

  • Intermediate-acting insulin
  • Pre-mixed insulin
  • Long-acting insulin
  • Rapid-acting insulin (correct)

What should a patient do after receiving a rapid-acting insulin injection?

  • Perform aerobic exercises immediately
  • Skip meals to improve insulin effectiveness
  • Wait at least 30 minutes before eating
  • Eat within 5-15 minutes after injection (correct)

What is the purpose of using clean hair for electrode application?

<p>To ensure better conductivity of the electrodes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the body is noted as having the greatest absorption for insulin injections?

<p>Abdomen (greatest absorption) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed before proceeding with an angiography procedure?

<p>Patient’s kidney function to excrete contrast agent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of non-sulfonylurea medication?

<p>Sulfonylureas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing consideration is important when performing electromyography (EMG)?

<p>Ensure patient remains still during the procedure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a felt-tip pen during the procedure?

<p>To identify peripheral pulses for monitoring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensation is similar to that experienced during an electromyography (EMG)?

<p>Pain from an intramuscular (IM) injection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of poor circulation due to increasing blood glucose?

<p>Retarded wound healing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes microangiopathy?

<p>Characterized by the thickening of capillary basement membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are most affected by macroangiopathy?

<p>Kidneys and retina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a leading cause of blindness in people with diabetes?

<p>Diabetic retinopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of hyperglycemia in relation to urine production?

<p>Osmotic diuresis resulting in excessive urination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major organs are affected by decreasing blood flow due to microvascular disease?

<p>Brain, heart, and peripheral arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hyperglycemia affect cellular hydration levels?

<p>Causes cellular dehydration due to water moving out of cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompts a higher risk of infections in individuals with poor circulation?

<p>Proliferation of microorganisms due to reduced oxygen supply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathological change occurs in blood vessels due to macrovascular disease?

<p>Plaque buildup leads to sclerotic and occluded walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism leads to the sensation of increased thirst known as polydipsia?

<p>Increased blood osmolarity due to hyperglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cerebrovascular complication is a frequent occurrence in macrovascular disease?

<p>Transient ischemic attack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers polyphagia in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes?

<p>Cellular starvation due to decreased cellular glucose uptake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes glycosuria?

<p>Presence of glucose in the urine due to high blood concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hyperglycemia have on liver glucose production?

<p>Increases glucose production due to lack of insulin signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process leads to excessive urination in hyperglycemic individuals?

<p>Osmotic diuresis caused by glucose in urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes fasting hyperglycemia?

<p>High blood glucose levels even when not eating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of preproliferative retinopathy?

<p>Prickling and tingling sensations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of proliferative retinopathy?

<p>Widespread vascular changes (A), Painless process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is nephropathy primarily related to?

<p>Diabetic microvascular changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does neuropathy affect joint health?

<p>It leads to Charcot joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of nephropathy?

<p>Increased insulin sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does decreased sensation of pain and temperature indicate in patients with neuropathy?

<p>Increased risk of injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual symptoms may indicate hemorrhage in proliferative retinopathy?

<p>Hazy vision and floaters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs due to low temperature in preproliferative retinopathy?

<p>Low heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from exercising with elevated glucose levels?

<p>Increased glucose release from the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Exogenous insulin is required for life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding long-acting insulin?

<p>Absorbs very slowly over 24 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Type 2 diabetes, which of the following is typically true?

<p>Insulin is produced but poorly secreted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sulfonylureas in diabetes management?

<p>To stimulate beta cells to secrete more insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct approach to administering insulin for achieving 24-hour coverage?

<p>Insulin must be administered at the same time daily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT pertain to the different categories of insulin?

<p>Cost of the insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Type 2 diabetes is incorrect?

<p>Insulin is always absent in Type 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar levels.

Glycosuria

Glucose in the urine, often caused by high blood sugar.

Polyuria

Increased urination due to high blood sugar pulling water from the body.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst caused by dehydration due to high blood sugar.

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Polyphagia

Increased hunger due to cells not receiving enough glucose despite high blood sugar.

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Insulin Deficiency

The inability of the body to use glucose as fuel due to insufficient insulin.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of the liver releasing glucose into the bloodstream.

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Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose in the liver.

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Macrovascular Disease

A condition where blood vessels become thickened, hardened, and narrowed, leading to reduced blood flow.

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Microvascular Disease

A condition where the smallest blood vessels (capillaries) become thickened and changed, affecting blood flow.

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Diabetic Nephropathy

A common complication of diabetes affecting the kidneys, leading to damage and reduced function.

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Diabetic Retinopathy

A leading cause of blindness in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina.

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A serious complication affecting the blood vessels supplying the heart, leading to heart attack (myocardial infarction).

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Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD) / Stroke

A condition affecting the blood vessels supplying the brain, leading to temporary or permanent loss of brain function (stroke).

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Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

A condition affecting the blood vessels in the limbs, leading to reduced blood flow and potential limb loss.

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Microangiopathy

A condition characterized by thickening of the capillary basement membrane, affecting blood flow in small vessels.

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Basal Insulin

A type of insulin used to provide constant blood sugar control throughout the day.

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Bolus Insulin

A type of insulin that works quickly to lower blood sugar after meals.

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Glucagon

The hormone that signals the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream.

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Catecholamines

Hormones like adrenaline that increase blood sugar during stress or exercise.

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Type 1 Diabetes

The type of diabetes where the body does not produce insulin.

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Angiography

A procedure that uses contrast dye to visualize blood vessels, often used to diagnose blockages or narrowing.

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Angiography Catheter Insertion

Inserting a catheter into an artery, typically in the groin or wrist, to guide it to a target blood vessel for angiography.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

This procedure involves attaching electrodes to the scalp to measure brain waves, which can reveal abnormalities in brain activity.

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Electromyography (EMG)

A test that measures the electrical potential of skeletal muscles using needle electrodes.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A procedure that measures the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin.

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Sulfonylureas

A class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes, which work by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin.

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Biguanides

A common type of oral diabetes medication that helps the body use insulin more effectively by improving sensitivity to insulin.

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Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A type of diabetes medication that delays the breakdown of carbohydrates in the gut, thereby slowing down the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream.

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Thiazolidinediones

A class of diabetes medications that enhance insulin sensitivity, helping the body use insulin more effectively.

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Rapid-Acting Insulin

Short-acting insulin that works rapidly but has a short duration of action, typically used before meals.

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Nonproliferative retinopathy

A stage of diabetic retinopathy characterized by early blood vessel changes, like microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and fluid leakage. It often progresses slowly and may not cause noticeable vision loss.

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Proliferative retinopathy

A stage of diabetic retinopathy characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage, leading to scar tissue and potential vision loss. This stage is more serious than nonproliferative retinopathy.

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Charcot joint

A complication of diabetic neuropathy leading to joint problems, especially in the feet. It's caused by loss of sensation and reduced blood flow, causing inflammation and bone damage.

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Decreased proprioception

Decreased awareness of body position and movement, a common symptom of diabetic neuropathy affecting the feet.

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Decreased sensation of pain and temperature

A complication of diabetic neuropathy where the body loses its ability to sense pain and temperature. It's dangerous as injuries may go unnoticed.

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Numbness of feet

Decreased sensation in the feet, often a symptom of diabetic neuropathy.

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Study Notes

Diabetes

  • Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.
  • It results from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both.
  • Classifications include: Type 1, Type 2, Gestational, and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA).
  • Risk factors for type 2: Age (>30 years), high triglycerides (≥250 mg/dL), low HDL (<35 mg/dL), family history, obesity (BMI ≥ 30, >20% over ideal weight), and hypertension.
  • Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in little or no insulin production.
  • Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
  • The pancreas is the organ involved in diabetes, with two main functions: Exocrine (producing digestive enzymes) and Endocrine (producing insulin & glucagon).
  • Insulin function: Decreases blood glucose levels; facilitates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fats.
  • Glucagon function: Increases blood glucose levels; stimulates liver to release stored glucose.
  • Diabetic Ketone Acidosis (DKA) is a complication characterized by high ketone bodies, which are highly acidic.
  • Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS) is a serious complication characterized by high blood glucose levels but without significant ketone production

Gestational Diabetes

  • Glucose intolerance during pregnancy; typically develops in the 2nd or 3rd trimester.
  • Risk factors include pregnancy with marked obesity, history of gestational diabetes, glycosuria (glucose in urine), and strong family history of diabetes.
  • Diagnosis is performed through the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)

  • Autoimmune beta-cell destruction.
  • Typically develops later in life (less than 50 years old). Can be an onset for some Type 2 patients, or an early onset for Type 1 diabetes.

Complications of Diabetes

  • Macrovascular complications (affects large blood vessels): Coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, peripheral artery disease.
  • Microvascular complications (affects small blood vessels): Nephropathy (kidney damage), retinopathy (eye damage), and neuropathy (nerve damage).
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): A serious complication of uncontrolled diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis.
  • Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS): A life-threatening complication characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels, dehydration, and absence of significant ketoacidosis.

Diabetes Management

  • Dietary modifications (reducing saturated fats, increasing fiber & protein).
  • Exercise to increase insulin sensitivity and help manage blood sugar levels.
  • Medications like oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) or insulin therapy.
  • Tight glycemic control to prevent or delay complications.

Diabetic Neuropathies

  • A group of nerve disorders secondary to diabetes
  • Includes sensorimotor, autonomic, and proximal neuropathy
  • Symptoms of these can vary widely, so assessing for symptoms and their progression is crucial

Diabetic Foot

  • Injuries, infections, ischemia, and nerve damage resulting in the development of ulcers
  • Risk factors include peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).

Diabetic Retinopathy

  • A complication that affects the retina of the eye
  • Characterized by damage to blood vessels in the retina, which may result in vision loss.
  • Early detection through regular eye exams is crucial.

Diabetic Nephropathy

  • Damage to the kidney from uncontrolled blood glucose levels, results in kidney failure.
  • Prevention through good disease management is vital.

Diabetic Complications

  • Hyperglycemia
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Ketoacidosis
  • HHS
  • Neuropathy
  • Nephropathy
  • Retinopathy
  • Foot ulcers

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to insulin therapy, including self-monitoring blood glucose, types of insulin, and essential nursing considerations for procedures like angiography and electromyography. Test your knowledge on the best practices and mechanisms behind effective diabetes management and patient care.

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