pharm exam 4 easy

The amount of insulin needed before a meal depends on the type of insulin used, pre-meal blood sugar level, amount of carbs consumed, and anticipated physical activity.

Rotating insulin injection sites helps prevent lipohypertrophy, a build-up of fat at the injection site, which can affect insulin absorption.

Intramuscular (IM) insulin absorption is different from subcutaneous (SQ) absorption, making IM insulin less predictable and generally not recommended.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, elevated glucose production by the liver, and impaired insulin sensitivity in muscle tissue.

Lifestyle factors contributing to Type 2 diabetes include poor self-management, lack of education, inactivity, and social determinants of health.

Weight management is a crucial factor in controlling Type 2 diabetes, often necessitating lifestyle modifications and potentially medication.

Pharmacological approaches to managing Type 2 diabetes aim for effective blood sugar control and reduction of cardiovascular and renal risks.

Type 2 diabetes often requires a multi-faceted approach involving lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, and regular monitoring.

A type of insulin regimen that involves taking a long-acting insulin (basal) like insulin glargine and a short-acting insulin (bolus) like lispro before meals. Helps control both fasting and post-meal blood sugar.

A type of insulin therapy that aims to mimic the way a healthy pancreas releases insulin. It usually involves multiple daily injections of fast-acting or long-acting insulin, or a continuous subcutaneous infusion via an insulin pump.

This type of insulin helps control your blood sugar between meals and overnight, preventing it from getting too high. Examples include insulin glargine, detemir, and degludec.

This type of insulin quickly helps control blood sugar spikes after meals. Examples include lispro, aspart, and glulisine.

Common factors that can influence insulin dosage include the amount of carbohydrates eaten, the patient's age and growth stages, and medical illness. For instance, pregnant women, adolescents, and those who are sick often require higher insulin doses.

Insulin doses are typically adjusted based on individual needs, with an initial starting dose of around 0.5 units per kilogram of body weight. However, the stabilized dose often ranges between 0.4 to 1 unit per kilogram of body weight.

Insulin can be a vital treatment for type 1 diabetes, which occurs when the body cannot make its own insulin. Not having enough insulin can lead to serious complications like high blood sugar, a buildup of ketones in the blood, and damage to tissues and organs.

Insulin is generally classified into two main categories: basal and bolus. Basal insulin acts slowly and helps control blood sugar throughout the day, while bolus insulin acts quickly and helps manage blood sugar spikes after meals.

Metformin reduces glucose production by the liver, lowers glucose absorption in the gut, and enhances insulin sensitivity, increasing glucose uptake and utilization by the body's tissues.

A serious side effect of Metformin, particularly risky in individuals with kidney or liver problems, older adults, and those with low blood oxygen levels. It involves a build-up of lactic acid in the blood.

Metformin can interfere with the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the gut, potentially leading to deficiency, especially with prolonged use, high doses, low B12 stores, and in older adults.

Metformin is contraindicated, or should be avoided, in patients with severe kidney impairment, with a creatinine clearance (CrCl) below 30 mL/min.

Hypothyroidism in older adults often has an autoimmune cause and is more common. Careful monitoring and starting with low doses are essential. Seek symptom improvement and aim for upper normal levels of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

Metformin's primary mechanism of action involves decreasing glucose production from the liver, reducing glucose absorption in the intestines, and improving insulin sensitivity, which increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization.

Metformin is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment, characterized by a creatinine clearance (CrCl) below 30mL/min.

Individuals taking Metformin are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency due to the drug's interference with B12 absorption. This risk is exacerbated by long-term use, high doses, inadequate B12 stores, and advancing age.

Lactic acidosis, a serious side effect of Metformin, occurs when lactic acid builds up in the bloodstream. Factors increasing risk include high serum levels, kidney or liver impairment, decreased tissue perfusion, age over 65, contrast agents, excessive alcohol intake, and hypoxic states.

Hypothyroidism, particularly in the elderly, is often caused by autoimmune thyroiditis. Starting with a low dose and adjusting based on symptom improvement and TSH levels within the upper normal range is crucial for management.

A type of insulin regimen that uses long-acting insulin (basal) to control blood sugar between meals and overnight, and short-acting insulin (bolus) to cover meals and prevent spikes.

The amount of insulin needed before a meal is determined by factors like the type of insulin used, blood glucose levels before the meal, the amount of carbohydrates in the meal, and the individual's anticipated physical activity.

Insulin regimens that can effectively lower HbA1c levels include basal-bolus therapy, intensive insulin replacement, and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) using an insulin pump.

Rotating insulin injection sites helps prevent lipohypertrophy, a buildup of fat under the skin at the injection site, which can affect insulin absorption.

Lack of insulin can lead to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), ketoacidosis (fruity breath, weight loss, high blood sugar, high triglycerides), tissue breakdown, and high triglyceride levels.

Intramuscular (IM) injection of insulin is generally not recommended because insulin absorption is unpredictable and can be influenced by factors like physical activity. Subcutaneous (SQ) injection is the preferred method.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, elevated glucose production by the liver, and impaired insulin sensitivity in muscle tissue.

Long-acting insulin types include NPH, Insulin glargine (Lantus), Insulin detemir (Levemir), and Insulin degludec (Tresiba). These provide a steady level of insulin throughout the day.

Short-acting insulin types include Regular insulin, Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog), and Glulisine (Apidra). They work quickly to control blood sugar after meals.

Lifestyle factors associated with Type 2 diabetes include lack of physical activity, unhealthy diet, weight gain, and genetic predisposition.

Pharmacological approaches to managing Type 2 diabetes aim to improve insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion, reduce glucose production by the liver, and reduce cardiovascular and renal risks.

The onset of Lispro insulin is typically 15 to 30 minutes, meaning it starts working quickly after injection.

The duration of action of Insulin glargine is 20 to more than 24 hours, making it a long-acting insulin.

Weight management is crucial for managing Type 2 diabetes. It often involves lifestyle modifications like dietary changes and physical activity, and may include medication.

When starting insulin therapy, the initial total daily dose is typically 0.5 units per kilogram of body weight. Once the insulin regimen is stabilized, the dose usually adjusts to between 0.4 and 1 unit per kilogram of body weight.

Diabetes self-management involves taking medication as prescribed, monitoring blood glucose levels, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and managing stress. Education and support are vital for successful self-management.