Insulin Complexes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of insulin formulation has an ultra-rapid onset with short duration of action?

  • Insulin lispro (correct)
  • NPH insulin
  • Insulin glargine
  • Protamine-zinc-insulin complex

    • What is the term that reflects the stoichiometric quantities of protamine and zinc in protamine-zinc-insulin crystals?

  • Humalog
  • Isophane (correct)
  • Apidra
  • Neutral Hagedorn

    • Which insulin has an onset of 2 hours, peaks at 6-8 hours, and a duration of action of 10-16 hours?

  • NPH insulin (correct)
  • Insulin aspart
  • Insulin lispro
  • Insulin glargine

    • Which type of insulin has a delayed onset and prolonged duration of action due to being less soluble in extracellular fluids?

    <p>Protamine-zinc-insulin complex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of insulin formulations has an intermediate onset with extended action?

    <p>Intermediate onset with extended action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the delayed absorption of regular insulin?

    <p>Being in hexamers form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metformin primarily known for in the treatment of diabetes?

    <p>Suppressing glucose production in the liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is metformin absorbed when taken orally?

    <p>Through plasma membrane transporters like organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of metformin's inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex 1?

    <p>Decreased ATP levels and increased AMP levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most clinicians perceive metformin's impact on weight?

    <p>It is considered 'weight neutral' by most clinicians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term BEST describes metformin's role in managing diabetes?

    <p>Anti-hyperglycemic agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does metformin primarily affect glucose production in the liver?

    <p>By reducing hepatic glucose production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Adenosine MonophosphateActivated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in lowering glucose production?

    <p>Phosphorylates transcription factors that inhibit gluconeogenic genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased AMPK affect mitochondrial glycerol-3phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD)?

    <p>Inhibits mGPD, leading to increased NADH levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to lactic acidosis when patients take metformin?

    <p>Underlying metabolic conditions like liver disease or heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is metformin eliminated from the body?

    <p>Excreted unchanged in urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of metformin approximately?

    <p>5 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is metformin excreted from the body?

    <p>Unchanged in urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process does insulin promote in relation to weight gain?

    <p>Conversion of fatty acids into triglycerides in adipose tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with insulin allergies?

    <p>Type I Hypersensitivity reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ethanol impact the risk of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients?

    <p>Ethanol inhibits gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do β-blockers affect insulin-treated patients during hypoglycemia?

    <p>β-blockers inhibit the protective effects of catecholamines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of insulin delivery for standard therapy?

    <p>Subcutaneous injection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the development of insulin antibodies have on insulin-treated patients?

    <p>Insulin antibodies neutralize the effect of insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main diagnostic use of HbA1c levels?

    <p>To estimate the effectiveness of therapy in controlling blood glucose over a 2-3 month period in diabetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of therapy in diabetics regarding HbA1c levels?

    <p>To reduce HbA1c levels to &lt; 6.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β-cells?

    <p>By binding to a receptor associated with KATP channels in the pancreatic β-cell membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the historical significance of sulfa drugs in the development of sulfonylureas?

    <p>They were the first drugs to cause hypoglycemia in patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pharmacokinetic property that distinguishes sulfonylureas from each other?

    <p>Duration of action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of sulfonylureas on pancreatic β-cells?

    <p>Stimulation of insulin release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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