Insulin Complexes Quiz

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Which type of insulin formulation has an ultra-rapid onset with short duration of action?

Insulin lispro (correct)

NPH insulin

Insulin glargine

Protamine-zinc-insulin complex

What is the term that reflects the stoichiometric quantities of protamine and zinc in protamine-zinc-insulin crystals?

Humalog

Isophane (correct)

Apidra

Neutral Hagedorn

Which insulin has an onset of 2 hours, peaks at 6-8 hours, and a duration of action of 10-16 hours?

NPH insulin (correct)

Insulin aspart

Insulin lispro

Insulin glargine

Which type of insulin has a delayed onset and prolonged duration of action due to being less soluble in extracellular fluids?

Protamine-zinc-insulin complex Signup and view all the answers

Which category of insulin formulations has an intermediate onset with extended action?

Intermediate onset with extended action Signup and view all the answers

What causes the delayed absorption of regular insulin?

Being in hexamers form Signup and view all the answers

What is metformin primarily known for in the treatment of diabetes?

Suppressing glucose production in the liver Signup and view all the answers

How is metformin absorbed when taken orally?

Through plasma membrane transporters like organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of metformin's inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex 1?

Decreased ATP levels and increased AMP levels Signup and view all the answers

How do most clinicians perceive metformin's impact on weight?

It is considered 'weight neutral' by most clinicians Signup and view all the answers

Which term BEST describes metformin's role in managing diabetes?

Anti-hyperglycemic agent Signup and view all the answers

How does metformin primarily affect glucose production in the liver?

By reducing hepatic glucose production Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Adenosine MonophosphateActivated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in lowering glucose production?

Phosphorylates transcription factors that inhibit gluconeogenic genes Signup and view all the answers

How does increased AMPK affect mitochondrial glycerol-3phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD)?

Inhibits mGPD, leading to increased NADH levels Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to lactic acidosis when patients take metformin?

Underlying metabolic conditions like liver disease or heart failure Signup and view all the answers

How is metformin eliminated from the body?

Excreted unchanged in urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of metformin approximately?

5 hours Signup and view all the answers

In what form is metformin excreted from the body?

Unchanged in urine Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process does insulin promote in relation to weight gain?

Conversion of fatty acids into triglycerides in adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with insulin allergies?

Type I Hypersensitivity reaction Signup and view all the answers

How does ethanol impact the risk of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients?

Ethanol inhibits gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

How do β-blockers affect insulin-treated patients during hypoglycemia?

β-blockers inhibit the protective effects of catecholamines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of insulin delivery for standard therapy?

Subcutaneous injection Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the development of insulin antibodies have on insulin-treated patients?

Insulin antibodies neutralize the effect of insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main diagnostic use of HbA1c levels?

To estimate the effectiveness of therapy in controlling blood glucose over a 2-3 month period in diabetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of therapy in diabetics regarding HbA1c levels?

To reduce HbA1c levels to < 6.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β-cells?

By binding to a receptor associated with KATP channels in the pancreatic β-cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What was the historical significance of sulfa drugs in the development of sulfonylureas?

They were the first drugs to cause hypoglycemia in patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the main pharmacokinetic property that distinguishes sulfonylureas from each other?

Duration of action Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of sulfonylureas on pancreatic β-cells?

Stimulation of insulin release Signup and view all the answers