Instrumental Review: Ion Sources and Mass Analyzers

A voltammetry technique using a square wave superimposed on a staircase voltage ramp, resulting in a derivative peak shape. It's more sensitive due to the rapid switching between cathodic and anodic pulses, allowing for more analyte reduction and reoxidation.

Enhanced sensitivity voltammetry where analyte is concentrated by reducing it at a fixed voltage. This results in a much higher current signal during the reoxidation process.

A technique involving rapid voltage scanning with small pulses applied to the electrode. The current difference before and after the pulse is recorded, producing a curve that relates to analyte concentration.

A type of electrochemical cell where a spontaneous reaction drives the generation of electricity. It's a key concept in understanding how batteries work.

A measure of the energy transferred per unit time. It's calculated by dividing the energy by the time interval.

A method of using electrodes to measure voltage, which is then related to the chemical information of an analyte.

An electrode used to sense the analyte's activity. Its potential changes based on the analyte's presence in the solution.

A reference electrode that is difficult to use and is best avoided in practice due to its complexity.

A reference electrode commonly used in potentiometry, where the concentration of chloride ions is fixed, and the electrode's potential changes based on the analyte concentration.

Similar to the Ag-AgCl electrode, this reference electrode also uses a fixed concentration of chloride ions to maintain a stable potential.

A process where a chemical reaction is forced to occur at an electrode by applying a voltage.

The voltage needed to overcome the activation energy required for an electrode reaction to occur.

A technique used to analyze the composition and structure of a material's surface by bombarding it with a primary beam (ions, electrons, photons) and analyzing the emitted secondary beam.

The voltage required to overcome the internal resistance of the electrochemical cell.

A method used in surface spectroscopy where a focused beam is directed at a specific point on the surface, providing information about that particular spot.

A situation where the concentration of the electroactive species near the electrode is different from the bulk solution concentration.

A method in surface spectroscopy where the primary beam is moved across the surface in a controlled pattern, creating a map of the surface's properties.

A technique used to control the potential of an electrode by measuring it against a reference electrode connected to a negative current flow.

A technique where an analyte is deposited onto an electrode, and the increase in mass is measured for quantification.

A method in surface spectroscopy where the primary beam creates a hole in the surface by sputtering, and then the beam is directed into the hole to analyze deeper layers.

A technique that uses X-ray or UV radiation to excite core electrons in a material, causing them to be emitted. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons can be analyzed to determine the elemental composition, oxidation states, and structural information of the surface.

A technique for measuring the number of moles of electrons involved in a chemical reaction to determine the original concentration of the analyte.

A type of coulometry where the time required for the complete reaction is measured to determine the number of electrons consumed.

A technique that uses a focused ion beam to bombard a surface, causing sputtering of atoms and ions. The resulting secondary ions are analyzed to provide information about the surface composition and structure.

A technique where the current at the working electrode is directly proportional to the analyte concentration.

A technique that uses a photon beam (ranging from ultraviolet to infrared) to probe a surface. This method is less damaging than ion or electron bombardment, allowing for analysis under ambient conditions in some cases.

A family of techniques where the relationship between current and applied potential at an electrode is studied to understand the electrode reactions.

A technique that uses the interaction of light with a thin metal film to detect changes in the surface. The interaction creates surface plasmon waves, which are sensitive to the presence of molecules on the surface, making this technique particularly useful for biosensing applications.

A technique that uses two photons interacting at a surface to generate a third photon with a frequency that is the sum of the incident photons. This technique is sensitive to the molecular structure of the surface and can be used to study surfaces in a wide range of environments.

A technique that uses polarized light to probe the dielectric properties of materials. This sensitive method can be used to study thin films, surfaces, and interfaces.

A technique that uses a focused electron beam to scan a surface and create highly magnified images. This technique provides detailed images of surface morphology and can be used to study a range of materials.

A type of chromatography where analytes are separated based on their different affinities for a stationary phase, typically a solid material, and a mobile phase that flows through it.

The ratio of the concentration of an analyte in the stationary phase to its concentration in the mobile phase at equilibrium. It indicates the relative affinity of the analyte for each phase, influencing its retention time during chromatography.

A technique that introduces a sample into the chromatographic system, often by injecting it into a heated chamber, where it is mixed with the carrier gas and then transferred to the column for separation.

The process of separating components in a mixture using a mobile phase that flows through a stationary phase, with different components eluting from the column at different times based on their affinities for each phase.