Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Quiz

Assistive Technology (AT)

• AT is any item, equipment, or product system used to improve functional capabilities.
• Goals of AT: increase independence, enhance interaction with others, and provide equal opportunities.
• DME: equipment ordered by healthcare providers for everyday or prolonged use.
• AE: tools and devices simplifying tasks or making environments safer.
• AD: devices assisting disabled individuals, from low-tech to high-tech.
• AT device categories include communication devices and sensory aids.
• Matching AT to the user: consider capabilities, temperament, ease of incorporation into daily life, user preferences, emotional aspects, practical use, and ongoing support.
• Occupational therapy and AT: reduce impairments, compensate for them, modify activities/environments, and provide assistive technology and support.

Universal Design

• Universal design: designs products and environments for use by everyone, regardless of age, ability, or status.
• 7 Principles of Universal Design:
  • Equitable use: useful and marketable for people of diverse abilities.
  • Flexibility in use: accommodates various preferences and abilities.
  • Simple and intuitive use: easy to understand, regardless of experience, knowledge, or language.
  • Perceptible information: effective communication of necessary information.
  • Tolerance for error: minimizes hazards and negative consequences of mistakes.
  • Low physical effort: efficient and comfortable use with minimum fatigue.
  • Size and space for approach and use: appropriate size and space for all body sizes and postures.
• Human Factors:
  • Accessible routes: unobstructed pathways in public areas.
  • Anthropometrics: measuring human body size and proportions for design.
  • Ergonomics: redesigning work or tools to reduce fatigue.

Range of Motion (ROM) and Muscle Strength Measurement

• ROM: extent of movement at a joint. Examples include elbow flexion/extension and wrist movement.

  • AROM: active range of motion (individual performs movement).
  • AAROM: active assisted range of motion (individual performs movement with assistance).
  • PROM: passive range of motion (therapist performs movement).

• MMT: Manual Muscle Testing.

  • Grading system assesses muscle strength: 5 (normal), 4 (good), 3 (fair), 2 (poor), 1 (trace), 0 (no contraction).

• Conditions impacting ROM/strength:

  • Osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease, pain and stiffness.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disorder, inflammation, bilateral/symmetrical.
  • Myocardial infarction (MI): heart muscle damage due to blocked arteries, difficulty pumping.
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): lung damage leading to shortness of breath.

• Therapeutic Exercise: planned physical movements to improve impairments, enhance function, reduce risk, and optimize health.

Home Management and Assessment

• Adaptations for home management: lightweight/small appliances, reminders, schedules, sensory aids, and support systems.
• Age-related changes/aging in place: stability, mobility changes, carrying items, stairs, sitting/rising, bending/reaching, grasping, sensory changes, and cognitive changes.
• ADLs/IADLs for independent home living: functional mobility (bed/chair/toilet), toileting/hygiene, feeding/eating, safety precautions (medications, alarms).

Restraints, Cushions, and Seating

• Restraints: devices preventing wandering or falls, but should ideally enable release by the user.
• Cushions and wheelchairs: modified to manage pressure points, reduce risk of ulcers, and enhance comfort.
• Seating and positioning: even pressure distribution, prevents muscle imbalance/contractures, proper posture (e.g., 90-90-90).

Transfers

• Transfer: moving a patient from one surface to another.
• Transfer techniques: stand-pivot, bend-pivot, transfer boards, mechanical lifts, two-person assist.
• Considerations before transfers: patient abilities/limitations, behavioral issues, medical precautions, and therapist abilities/limitations.
• Basic transfer principles: safety and security, proper body mechanics, accessible equipment, smooth transfer.
• Medical conditions impacting transfers: stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), amputations, hip precautions.

Joint Protection, Energy Conservation

• Joint protection: respect pain, use strongest muscles, appropriate tools, avoid static positions.
• Energy conservation: pacing, planning, prioritizing, and positioning.

Assistive Technology for Self-Care

• Feeding: scooping, utensils, cup modifications, arm supports.
• Bathing: electric lifts, grab bars, benches.
• Toileting: commodes, raised seats, bidets.
• Dressing: dressing sticks, reachers, button hooks, velcro aids.

Posterior THP and Assistive Equipment

• Total Hip Precautions (THP): guidelines for hip protection after surgery to prevent complications.
• Assistive equipment: walkers, crutches, canes, raised toilet seats, tub benches, long-handled tools.

Dignity in Bathing and Toileting

• Treat clients with respect and dignity, provide privacy and minimize disruption.

Hand Anatomy and Function

• Hand anatomy: bones (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), joints (MCP, PIP, DIP, CMC).
• ROM: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, opposition, reposition.
• Hand functions: power grips, precision grips, functional position.
• Common hand injuries: Colles' fracture, Smith's fracture, carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Splinting: reducing inflammation, pain, supporting structures, increasing ROM.

Feeding and Swallowing

• Swallowing mechanisms: tongue pushes bolus, pharyngeal reflexes, esophageal transport.
• Four phases of swallowing: oral prep, oral transit, pharyngeal, esophageal.
• Positioning for feeding: head and trunk support, neutral pelvis.
• OT intervention in feeding: reduce impairments, compensate for impairments, modify activities/environment, provide assistance.
• Dysphagia food and drink levels: differences in textures and consistencies for individuals with swallowing difficulties.

Driving, Leisure, and Sexuality

• Driving: OT role in assessment, remediation, and accommodation/transition.
• Visual and Cognitive Assessments: acuity, fields, color discrimination, memory, judgment, reactions, executive functions.
• Age and medical factors in driving.
• OT involvement in driving assessment: determine if driving is safe for an individual based on impairments.
• Sexuality: addressing the needs of clients in a sensitive and professional manner.

ADA Requirements

• ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act): equal access to goods, services, facilities, and programs for persons with disabilities.

Hearing and Vision Impairments

• Vision impairments: glaucoma, macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, homogenous hemianopsia (types of impairments).
• Visual/perceptual impairments: affecting clarity, figure-ground discrimination, depth perception.
• Low vision, legally blind (definitions).
• OT interventions for vision impairments: compensation strategies, adaptive devices.

AAC and Environmental Controls

• AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication): methods for communication beyond speech.
• EC (Environmental Controls): remote-controlled devices for manipulating home systems.
• Types of AAC and their technology levels (low to high tech).
• Expressive/receptive communication.

Test your knowledge on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) and their importance in aging support systems. This quiz covers topics such as proper seating, positioning, transfer techniques, and sensory changes associated with aging. Perfect for healthcare professionals and caregivers alike.