Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following activities are categorized as Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)?

Feeding and eating

Preparing or retrieving a simple meal (correct)

Personal hygiene and grooming

Mobility in/out of bed

What is considered a restraint in the context of aging support systems?

A medication that sedates the patient

A device that cannot be removed by the patient

A lap tray that the patient can remove (correct)

A permanent bed rail

What is the primary purpose of proper seating and positioning?

To enhance mobility within the home

To aid in cognitive functioning

To improve social interactions

To protect skin integrity and prevent pressure ulcers (correct)

Which of the following describes essential components of a successful transfer?

Proper techniques reduce the risk of injury for both patient and caregiver Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory and cognitive changes are common with aging that may affect daily living?

Decreased mobility and grasp strength Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a visual assessment in relation to driving?

To assess the driver's visual capabilities necessary for safe driving Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by loss of central vision and sensitivity to glare?

Macular degeneration Signup and view all the answers

What does adaptive equipment for driving aim to achieve?

To assist individuals in maintaining their independence in transportation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of occupational therapy (OT) in terms of driving evaluation?

To remediate driving abilities and provide alternative transportation options Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines augmentative communication?

Communication methods that support existing speech Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a mid-tech communication device?

A speech-generating tablet with multiple pages Signup and view all the answers

What type of visual perception involves identifying small pictures within a larger image?

Figure ground discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment focuses on aspects like memory recall and emotional regulation relevant to driving?

Cognitive assessment Signup and view all the answers

What does the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) aim to ensure?

Equal opportunity and accessibility for individuals with disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'low vision' typically refer to?

Vision that is 20/70 after corrective lenses Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to 'tunnel vision' and potentially blindness if untreated?

Glaucoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT typically impact driving ability?

Traffic laws in the area Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes 'receptive communication'?

Understanding directions and answering comprehension questions Signup and view all the answers

What does Assistive Technology (AT) aim to improve?

Functional capabilities of individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of universal design emphasizes usability for diverse abilities?

Equitable use Signup and view all the answers

What does DME stand for in the context of assistive technology?

Durable medical equipment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement does AROM refer to?

Active movement without assistance Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Autoimmune inflammatory condition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a goal of universal design?

To accommodate a wide range of abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which type of assistive technology could be considered low tech?

Magnifying glass Signup and view all the answers

What does MMT primarily measure?

Muscle strength Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor when matching AT to the user?

User's preferences and temperament Signup and view all the answers

In the context of therapeutic exercise, what is the primary goal?

To remediating or prevent impairments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of using proper body mechanics during patient transfers?

To ensure safety and reduce strain Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of universal design focuses on minimizing hazards?

Tolerant for error Signup and view all the answers

In which level of assistance does a patient actively participate but still requires help during transfers?

Assisted Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is known to primarily affect respiratory function?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should be considered during a home assessment for safety?

Environmental accessibility Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered before performing a patient transfer?

The patient's medical conditions and abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a hip precaution during transfers?

Cross your legs for comfort Signup and view all the answers

What does AAROM stand for in physical therapy?

Assisted active range of motion Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to prevent injury when lifting a patient?

Keep the load close to your body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following items is designed for ease of dressing for individuals with limited mobility?

Velcro Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the hand?

To hold or manipulate objects Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of swallowing involves the food bolus being pushed towards the pharynx?

Oral Transit Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a commode in adaptive toileting?

To make toileting more accessible Signup and view all the answers

What does joint protection advocate for during daily activities?

Using well-designed tools to alleviate stress Signup and view all the answers

In which adaptive feeding level are foods required to be soft and smooth without lumps?

Level 1: Puréed Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptive equipment can assist in the bathing process?

Electric bathtub lift Signup and view all the answers

What is a common injury associated with a fall on an outstretched hand?

Colles' fracture Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the thumb movement of bringing fingers together?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Which approach should be taken to ensure dignity during bathing and toileting?

Keep conversation to a minimum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Assistive Technology (AT)

AT is any item, equipment, or product system used to improve functional capabilities.
Goals of AT: increase independence, enhance interaction with others, and provide equal opportunities.
DME: equipment ordered by healthcare providers for everyday or prolonged use.
AE: tools and devices simplifying tasks or making environments safer.
AD: devices assisting disabled individuals, from low-tech to high-tech.
AT device categories include communication devices and sensory aids.
Matching AT to the user: consider capabilities, temperament, ease of incorporation into daily life, user preferences, emotional aspects, practical use, and ongoing support.
Occupational therapy and AT: reduce impairments, compensate for them, modify activities/environments, and provide assistive technology and support.

Universal Design

Universal design: designs products and environments for use by everyone, regardless of age, ability, or status.
7 Principles of Universal Design:
- Equitable use: useful and marketable for people of diverse abilities.
- Flexibility in use: accommodates various preferences and abilities.
- Simple and intuitive use: easy to understand, regardless of experience, knowledge, or language.
- Perceptible information: effective communication of necessary information.
- Tolerance for error: minimizes hazards and negative consequences of mistakes.
- Low physical effort: efficient and comfortable use with minimum fatigue.
- Size and space for approach and use: appropriate size and space for all body sizes and postures.
Human Factors:
- Accessible routes: unobstructed pathways in public areas.
- Anthropometrics: measuring human body size and proportions for design.
- Ergonomics: redesigning work or tools to reduce fatigue.

Range of Motion (ROM) and Muscle Strength Measurement

ROM: extent of movement at a joint. Examples include elbow flexion/extension and wrist movement.
- AROM: active range of motion (individual performs movement).
- AAROM: active assisted range of motion (individual performs movement with assistance).
- PROM: passive range of motion (therapist performs movement).
MMT: Manual Muscle Testing.
- Grading system assesses muscle strength: 5 (normal), 4 (good), 3 (fair), 2 (poor), 1 (trace), 0 (no contraction).
Conditions impacting ROM/strength:
- Osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease, pain and stiffness.
- Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disorder, inflammation, bilateral/symmetrical.
- Myocardial infarction (MI): heart muscle damage due to blocked arteries, difficulty pumping.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): lung damage leading to shortness of breath.
Therapeutic Exercise: planned physical movements to improve impairments, enhance function, reduce risk, and optimize health.

Home Management and Assessment

Adaptations for home management: lightweight/small appliances, reminders, schedules, sensory aids, and support systems.
Age-related changes/aging in place: stability, mobility changes, carrying items, stairs, sitting/rising, bending/reaching, grasping, sensory changes, and cognitive changes.
ADLs/IADLs for independent home living: functional mobility (bed/chair/toilet), toileting/hygiene, feeding/eating, safety precautions (medications, alarms).

Restraints, Cushions, and Seating

Restraints: devices preventing wandering or falls, but should ideally enable release by the user.
Cushions and wheelchairs: modified to manage pressure points, reduce risk of ulcers, and enhance comfort.
Seating and positioning: even pressure distribution, prevents muscle imbalance/contractures, proper posture (e.g., 90-90-90).

Transfers

Transfer: moving a patient from one surface to another.
Transfer techniques: stand-pivot, bend-pivot, transfer boards, mechanical lifts, two-person assist.
Considerations before transfers: patient abilities/limitations, behavioral issues, medical precautions, and therapist abilities/limitations.
Basic transfer principles: safety and security, proper body mechanics, accessible equipment, smooth transfer.
Medical conditions impacting transfers: stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), amputations, hip precautions.

Joint Protection, Energy Conservation

Joint protection: respect pain, use strongest muscles, appropriate tools, avoid static positions.
Energy conservation: pacing, planning, prioritizing, and positioning.

Assistive Technology for Self-Care

Feeding: scooping, utensils, cup modifications, arm supports.
Bathing: electric lifts, grab bars, benches.
Toileting: commodes, raised seats, bidets.
Dressing: dressing sticks, reachers, button hooks, velcro aids.

Posterior THP and Assistive Equipment

Total Hip Precautions (THP): guidelines for hip protection after surgery to prevent complications.
Assistive equipment: walkers, crutches, canes, raised toilet seats, tub benches, long-handled tools.

Dignity in Bathing and Toileting

Treat clients with respect and dignity, provide privacy and minimize disruption.

Hand Anatomy and Function

Hand anatomy: bones (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), joints (MCP, PIP, DIP, CMC).
ROM: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, opposition, reposition.
Hand functions: power grips, precision grips, functional position.
Common hand injuries: Colles' fracture, Smith's fracture, carpal tunnel syndrome.
Splinting: reducing inflammation, pain, supporting structures, increasing ROM.

Feeding and Swallowing

Swallowing mechanisms: tongue pushes bolus, pharyngeal reflexes, esophageal transport.
Four phases of swallowing: oral prep, oral transit, pharyngeal, esophageal.
Positioning for feeding: head and trunk support, neutral pelvis.
OT intervention in feeding: reduce impairments, compensate for impairments, modify activities/environment, provide assistance.
Dysphagia food and drink levels: differences in textures and consistencies for individuals with swallowing difficulties.

Driving, Leisure, and Sexuality

Driving: OT role in assessment, remediation, and accommodation/transition.
Visual and Cognitive Assessments: acuity, fields, color discrimination, memory, judgment, reactions, executive functions.
Age and medical factors in driving.
OT involvement in driving assessment: determine if driving is safe for an individual based on impairments.
Sexuality: addressing the needs of clients in a sensitive and professional manner.

ADA Requirements

ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act): equal access to goods, services, facilities, and programs for persons with disabilities.

Hearing and Vision Impairments

Vision impairments: glaucoma, macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, homogenous hemianopsia (types of impairments).
Visual/perceptual impairments: affecting clarity, figure-ground discrimination, depth perception.
Low vision, legally blind (definitions).
OT interventions for vision impairments: compensation strategies, adaptive devices.

AAC and Environmental Controls

AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication): methods for communication beyond speech.
EC (Environmental Controls): remote-controlled devices for manipulating home systems.
Types of AAC and their technology levels (low to high tech).
Expressive/receptive communication.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) and their importance in aging support systems. This quiz covers topics such as proper seating, positioning, transfer techniques, and sensory changes associated with aging. Perfect for healthcare professionals and caregivers alike.