Respiratory cycle

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Questions and Answers

Which muscle is responsible for separating the thorax from the abdominal cavity?

  • The external intercostals
  • The accessory muscles of inspiration
  • The phrenic nerves
  • The diaphragm (correct)

What is the function of the diaphragm during normal quiet breathing?

  • To increase the thoracic volume (correct)
  • To descend into the abdominal cavity
  • To contract the external intercostals
  • To innervate the phrenic nerves

Which nerves innervate the diaphragm?

  • Phrenic nerves (correct)
  • Vagus nerve
  • Spinal accessory nerve
  • Intercostal nerves

How much can the diaphragm descend during a deep inspiration?

<p>10-12 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are involved in inspiration?

<p>Diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles of inspiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for pulling the rib cage upward and outward during inspiration?

<p>External intercostal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the bucket handle movement during inspiration?

<p>It expands the thoracic cavity laterally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement of the sternum is likened to the pump handle during inspiration?

<p>Upward movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During normal quiet breathing, which muscles are involved in expiration?

<p>No muscles are involved in expiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is passive during normal quiet breathing?

<p>Expiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about expiratory muscles during normal quiet breathing is true?

<p>There are no muscles involved in expiration during normal quiet breathing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the involvement of expiratory muscles during normal quiet breathing?

<p>Expiratory muscles passively relax during normal quiet breathing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely to involve the activation of accessory muscles of inspiration?

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the abdominal wall muscle does NOT involved in active expiration during exercise and voluntary hyperventilation?

<p>Quadratus lumborum muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the diaphragm during active expiration?

<p>It is pushed upward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle contributes the most to the volume of air in the lungs during normal breathing at rest?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles?

<p>Depress the ribs and reduce thoracic cavity width and depth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles assist in active exhalation by depressing the ribs and pushing the relaxed diaphragm into the thoracic cavity?

<p>Rectus abdominis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the drop in intrapleural pressure during inspiration?

<p>The inward elastic recoil of the lung decreases lung volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generates the suction called intrapleural pressure in the pleural cavity?

<p>The elastic recoils of the lung and chest wall pulling in opposite directions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate intrapleural pressure at the end of expiration (at FRC)?

<p>-5 cmH2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inspiration, how does the intrapleural pressure change compared to the end of expiration?

<p>It becomes more negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pressure gradient between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure?

<p>It drives the airflow into the alveoli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure must be lower in order for air to flow from the atmosphere into the alveoli?

<p>Alveolar pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate alveolar pressure at the end of expiration?

<p>0 cmH2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure is usually measured to reflect the intrapleural pressure?

<p>Esophageal pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is intrapleural pressure transmitted to the balloon-tipped catheter?

<p>Through the esophagus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the increased transpulmonary pressure gradient during inspiration?

<p>To promote airflow into the alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the alveoli during inspiration?

<p>They expand in response to increased transpulmonary pressure gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the alveolar pressure during expiration?

<p>It increases above atmospheric pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes air to flow out of the alveoli during expiration?

<p>Increased alveolar elastic recoil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the intrapleural pressure during the respiratory cycle?

<p>To establish a pressure gradient for airflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure relationship between alveolar pressure (Palv) and atmospheric pressure (Patm) during the end expiration stage?

<p>Palv = Patm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chest wall and pleural pressure (Pip) during mid-inspiration?

<p>Chest wall is expanding, Pip becomes more negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure relationship between alveolar pressure (Palv) and atmospheric pressure (Patm) at the end inspiration stage?

<p>Palv = Patm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure relationship between alveolar pressure (Palv) and atmospheric pressure (Patm) during mid-expiration?

<p>Palv &lt; Patm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Throughout the typical respiratory cycle, what is the pressure in the intrapleural space?

<p>Negative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the respiratory cycle has a sub-atmospheric pressure in the alveoli?

<p>Mid inspiration stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the transpulmonary pressure gradient during inspiration?

<p>Determining the actual flow of gas into and out of the alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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