12 Insight and Obstacles in Problem-Solving Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common misunderstanding about brainstorming?

  • Brainstorming only involves generating ideas
  • Individual brainstorming can be effective
  • Group brainstorming is more effective than individual brainstorming (correct)
  • Group participation in brainstorming inhibits creative thinking

    • In what way do experts and non-experts differ in problem-solving, according to the text?

  • Being an expert is always an advantage in problem-solving
  • Experts spend more time analyzing problems (correct)
  • Experts are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems
  • Experts are always better than novices in solving problems

    • What is a potential disadvantage of being an expert in problem-solving?

  • Experts are always faster at solving problems than novices
  • Experts may be less open to new ways of looking at problems (correct)
  • Experts are always at an advantage in problem-solving
  • Experts are always open to new ways of looking at problems

    • What did the study by Taylor et al. (1958) conclude about brainstorming in groups?

    <p>Group participation inhibits creative thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the experts in the study by Chi et al. (1982) sort the physics problems compared to the novices?

    <p>Experts sorted based on structural features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Chase & Simon (1973) reveal about experts' ability to reproduce chessboard positions?

    <p>Experts did much better than non-experts when pieces were arranged in actual game positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most difficult step in problem solving using analogies?

    <p>Noticing an analogous relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increased the success rate to 75% in problem solving using analogies?

    <p>Prompting subjects to think about the story they had read</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aids analogical problem solving according to the text?

    <p>Making structural features more obvious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lightbulb problem, what resulted in 81% success for those familiar with it?

    <p>Using Duncker’s Radiation Problem as the source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of subjects were not able to see correspondences initially?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was used as the source for the lightbulb problem in the physics lab?

    <p>Duncker’s Radiation Problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem-solving approach involves searching the problem space to find a solution, utilizing means-end analysis and subgoals?

    <p>Newell and Simon's information-processing approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem-solving concept involves individuals verbalizing their thoughts while solving a problem?

    <p>Think-aloud protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem-solving strategy uses analogies from a similar problem to guide the solution to a new problem?

    <p>Analogical problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which problem-solving experience enhances the ability to solve the mutilated-checkerboard problem, demonstrating the impact of previous problem-solving experiences?

    <p>Solving the Russian marriage problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem-solving scenario introduces the concept of using small bodies of men to safely pass over mines, demonstrating the importance of finding creative solutions within problem constraints?

    <p>The fortress capture problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem-solving example highlights the difficulty in applying analogical problem solving, with only 10% of individuals arriving at the correct solution?

    <p>Duncker's radiation problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gestalt psychologists, insight in problem-solving is associated with:

    <p>Sudden realization of a problem's solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the identified major obstacles to problem-solving by Gestalt psychologists?

    <p>Fixation, functional fixedness, and mental set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did participants in the two-string problem overcome the obstacle of mental set?

    <p>By restructuring their representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the information-processing approach, as described by Newell and Simon, view problem-solving as?

    <p>A search process involving initial state, intermediate states, and goal state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do operators in the information-processing approach specify?

    <p>Rules for allowed moves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are insight problems distinguished from noninsight problems according to Metcalfe and Wiebe's experiment?

    <p>Insight problems are solved suddenly, while noninsight problems involve a more methodical process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gestalt psychologists emphasize in their approach to problem-solving?

    <p>Perception and learning, in addition to attitudes and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gestalt psychologists, what is problem-solving about?

    <p>Representing a problem in the mind and restructuring its representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Köhler's 'circle' problem?

    <p>Determining the length of line x based on the circle's radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Gestalt psychologists consider as an obstacle in problem-solving?

    <p>The difficulty of tasks and the non-obvious solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Gestalt psychologists believe problem-solving involved?

    <p>Restructuring the problem's representation in the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Gestalt psychologists take a perceptual approach to dealing with, in addition to perception?

    <p>Learning, problem-solving, attitudes, and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gestalt psychologists, what is problem solving about?

    <p>Representing a problem in the mind and restructuring its representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Gestalt psychologists approach problem solving?

    <p>They took a perceptual approach to dealing with problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Köhler's 'circle' problem illustrate?

    <p>Restructuring the problem’s representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gestalt psychologists, what makes a task a problem?

    <p>An obstacle between a present state and a goal, with the solution not immediately obvious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gestalt psychologists focus on, in addition to perception?

    <p>Learning, problem solving, attitudes, and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Gestalt psychologists define a problem?

    <p>An obstacle between a present state and a goal, with the solution not immediately obvious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Insight and Obstacles in Problem-Solving

    • Different people represent problems differently, and their insights in problem-solving may vary from the presented picture.
    • Restructuring problem representation can lead to insight in problem-solving, as suggested by Gestalt psychologists.
    • Gestalt psychologists associated insight with sudden realization of a problem's solution, termed as "Aha" experience.
    • Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987) designed an experiment to distinguish between insight and noninsight problems, with warmth judgments as a measure of closeness to the solution.
    • Insight problems are solved suddenly, while noninsight problems involve a more methodical process.
    • Fixation, functional fixedness, and mental set are identified as major obstacles to problem-solving by Gestalt psychologists.
    • Functional fixedness restricts the use of an object to its familiar functions, as demonstrated in the candle problem and two-string problem.
    • The two-string problem was solved when participants restructured their representation, overcoming the obstacle of mental set.
    • The information-processing approach, as described by Newell and Simon, views problem-solving as a search process involving initial state, intermediate states, and goal state.
    • Operators in the information-processing approach specify rules for allowed moves, as exemplified in the Tower of Hanoi problem.
    • The Tower of Hanoi problem with 64 discs would take a trillion years to solve, even with moves made in a second.
    • Insight problems are solved suddenly, while noninsight problems involve a more gradual process, as demonstrated by Metcalfe and Wiebe's experiment.

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    Lecture 12_Problem Solving PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of insight and obstacles in problem-solving with this quiz. Explore the concepts of restructuring problem representation, "Aha" experiences, insight vs. noninsight problems, and major obstacles like fixation and mental set. Challenge your knowledge of problem-solving approaches and their application in solving complex problems.

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