Insecticidal Mechanism of Crystalline Endotoxin

An environmentally safe alternative to chemical effects on ecosystems is ______ of the number of harmful organisms. Over the past decades, the orientation of plant protection has changed significantly in the direction of its biologization and ecologization.

The number of biological insecticides and acaricides that are allowed by the State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals for use in recent years has practically not changed and amounts to ______ of the total number of permitted drugs.

Research in the field of ______ is now an extensive interdisciplinary field of science, not inferior to the study of the possibilities of mass breeding and use of entomophages and acariphages and ways to preserve and use natural populations of beneficial organisms.

But if we consider not only biological preparations, but also the active substances on the basis of which they are created and can be created in the future, then their share, including ______, viruses, fungi, nematodes, microbial toxins and regulators of growth, development and behavior of insects, will already be about 20%.

It is necessary to note the high scientific intensity of the ______ of crop production in general and the biologization of plant protection in particular.

The ______ of environmental safety are facing humanity in all spheres of activity.

BT-based drugs consist of primary, lethal, action, as well as metatoxic, antifidant, and sometimes epizootological actions. The use of these drugs is possible in organic farming. The waiting period is 5 days. A new direction in plant protection is the use of transgenic plants based on

Bacillus thuringiensis synthesizes an extraordinary variety of insecticidal proteins promising for

The introduction of innovative technologies will further increase the arsenal of toxins in plant protection from pests and increase their

Certain natural BT strains have been successfully incorporated into the production of bioinsecticides, where the active ingredient is a mixture of

The larvae of younger phytophages are most sensitive to

The use of these plants has a number of advantages compared to the technology of spraying with bacterial preparations: - firstly, toxins are continuously produced in every cell of the plant, and there are no phytophagous individuals who have escaped the absorption of BT toxins; - secondly, the BT protein supply system by the plant provides an expansion of the range of hosts, including sucking and hiding

Currently, there is a large amount of data on a wide range of issues related to

Hydrolyzed toxins in insect midgut cause an increase in water permeability and cell membrane ______

Crystalline endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) is toxic only to a specific group of insects due to the pH conditions of mammalian digestive ______

BT produces a variety of insecticidal delta-endotoxin proteins, identified as Cry genes, and cytolytic Crt ______

Some BT subspecies produce non-protein, thermally stable, secreted secondary metabolites, called exotoxins or Turingiensins, with a wider spectrum of insecticidal ______

Exotoxin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and can penetrate the insect's ______

BT exhibits poly-enzymatic properties and can produce enzymes and antibiotics that help protect plants against harmful insects and ______

Entomopathogens, elements of the natural biocenosis, form the basis of biological preparations against plant pests.

Depending on the nature, bacterial, viral, fungal, and other ______ drugs are distinguished.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil, gram-positive, spore-forming ______, famous for its protein crystalline inclusions.

The first commercial BT insecticide, ______, was produced in France in 1938.

The ______ cause diseases that disrupt the insects' immune systems, allowing the ______ to multiply and spread, eventually causing septicemia.

Complex preparation ______, based on BT spore-crystal complex and Bacillus subtilis, is effective against leaf-eating pests and plant diseases.