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An environmentally safe alternative to chemical effects on ecosystems is ______ of the number of harmful organisms. Over the past decades, the orientation of plant protection has changed significantly in the direction of its biologization and ecologization.
An environmentally safe alternative to chemical effects on ecosystems is ______ of the number of harmful organisms. Over the past decades, the orientation of plant protection has changed significantly in the direction of its biologization and ecologization.
microbiological control
The number of biological insecticides and acaricides that are allowed by the State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals for use in recent years has practically not changed and amounts to ______ of the total number of permitted drugs.
The number of biological insecticides and acaricides that are allowed by the State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals for use in recent years has practically not changed and amounts to ______ of the total number of permitted drugs.
6.3 – 6.7%
Research in the field of ______ is now an extensive interdisciplinary field of science, not inferior to the study of the possibilities of mass breeding and use of entomophages and acariphages and ways to preserve and use natural populations of beneficial organisms.
Research in the field of ______ is now an extensive interdisciplinary field of science, not inferior to the study of the possibilities of mass breeding and use of entomophages and acariphages and ways to preserve and use natural populations of beneficial organisms.
biopesticides
But if we consider not only biological preparations, but also the active substances on the basis of which they are created and can be created in the future, then their share, including ______, viruses, fungi, nematodes, microbial toxins and regulators of growth, development and behavior of insects, will already be about 20%.
But if we consider not only biological preparations, but also the active substances on the basis of which they are created and can be created in the future, then their share, including ______, viruses, fungi, nematodes, microbial toxins and regulators of growth, development and behavior of insects, will already be about 20%.
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It is necessary to note the high scientific intensity of the ______ of crop production in general and the biologization of plant protection in particular.
It is necessary to note the high scientific intensity of the ______ of crop production in general and the biologization of plant protection in particular.
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The ______ of environmental safety are facing humanity in all spheres of activity.
The ______ of environmental safety are facing humanity in all spheres of activity.
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BT-based drugs consist of primary, lethal, action, as well as metatoxic, antifidant, and sometimes epizootological actions. The use of these drugs is possible in organic farming. The waiting period is 5 days. A new direction in plant protection is the use of transgenic plants based on
BT-based drugs consist of primary, lethal, action, as well as metatoxic, antifidant, and sometimes epizootological actions. The use of these drugs is possible in organic farming. The waiting period is 5 days. A new direction in plant protection is the use of transgenic plants based on
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Bacillus thuringiensis synthesizes an extraordinary variety of insecticidal proteins promising for
Bacillus thuringiensis synthesizes an extraordinary variety of insecticidal proteins promising for
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The introduction of innovative technologies will further increase the arsenal of toxins in plant protection from pests and increase their
The introduction of innovative technologies will further increase the arsenal of toxins in plant protection from pests and increase their
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Certain natural BT strains have been successfully incorporated into the production of bioinsecticides, where the active ingredient is a mixture of
Certain natural BT strains have been successfully incorporated into the production of bioinsecticides, where the active ingredient is a mixture of
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The larvae of younger phytophages are most sensitive to
The larvae of younger phytophages are most sensitive to
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The use of these plants has a number of advantages compared to the technology of spraying with bacterial preparations: - firstly, toxins are continuously produced in every cell of the plant, and there are no phytophagous individuals who have escaped the absorption of BT toxins; - secondly, the BT protein supply system by the plant provides an expansion of the range of hosts, including sucking and hiding
The use of these plants has a number of advantages compared to the technology of spraying with bacterial preparations: - firstly, toxins are continuously produced in every cell of the plant, and there are no phytophagous individuals who have escaped the absorption of BT toxins; - secondly, the BT protein supply system by the plant provides an expansion of the range of hosts, including sucking and hiding
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Currently, there is a large amount of data on a wide range of issues related to
Currently, there is a large amount of data on a wide range of issues related to
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Hydrolyzed toxins in insect midgut cause an increase in water permeability and cell membrane ______
Hydrolyzed toxins in insect midgut cause an increase in water permeability and cell membrane ______
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Crystalline endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) is toxic only to a specific group of insects due to the pH conditions of mammalian digestive ______
Crystalline endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) is toxic only to a specific group of insects due to the pH conditions of mammalian digestive ______
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BT produces a variety of insecticidal delta-endotoxin proteins, identified as Cry genes, and cytolytic Crt ______
BT produces a variety of insecticidal delta-endotoxin proteins, identified as Cry genes, and cytolytic Crt ______
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Some BT subspecies produce non-protein, thermally stable, secreted secondary metabolites, called exotoxins or Turingiensins, with a wider spectrum of insecticidal ______
Some BT subspecies produce non-protein, thermally stable, secreted secondary metabolites, called exotoxins or Turingiensins, with a wider spectrum of insecticidal ______
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Exotoxin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and can penetrate the insect's ______
Exotoxin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and can penetrate the insect's ______
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BT exhibits poly-enzymatic properties and can produce enzymes and antibiotics that help protect plants against harmful insects and ______
BT exhibits poly-enzymatic properties and can produce enzymes and antibiotics that help protect plants against harmful insects and ______
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Entomopathogens, elements of the natural biocenosis, form the basis of biological preparations against plant pests.
Entomopathogens, elements of the natural biocenosis, form the basis of biological preparations against plant pests.
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Depending on the nature, bacterial, viral, fungal, and other ______ drugs are distinguished.
Depending on the nature, bacterial, viral, fungal, and other ______ drugs are distinguished.
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Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil, gram-positive, spore-forming ______, famous for its protein crystalline inclusions.
Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil, gram-positive, spore-forming ______, famous for its protein crystalline inclusions.
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The first commercial BT insecticide, ______, was produced in France in 1938.
The first commercial BT insecticide, ______, was produced in France in 1938.
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The ______ cause diseases that disrupt the insects' immune systems, allowing the ______ to multiply and spread, eventually causing septicemia.
The ______ cause diseases that disrupt the insects' immune systems, allowing the ______ to multiply and spread, eventually causing septicemia.
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Complex preparation ______, based on BT spore-crystal complex and Bacillus subtilis, is effective against leaf-eating pests and plant diseases.
Complex preparation ______, based on BT spore-crystal complex and Bacillus subtilis, is effective against leaf-eating pests and plant diseases.
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Study Notes
- Entomopathogens, elements of the natural biocenosis, form the basis of biological preparations against plant pests.
- Depending on the nature, bacterial, viral, fungal, and other entomopathogenic drugs are distinguished.
- Bacterial insecticides and acaricides, such as those based on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (BT), preserve natural biodiversity and contribute to self-regulation of biocenoses.
- Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, famous for its protein crystalline inclusions.
- First discovered in Japan in 1901 by Shigetan Ishiwata as the cause of "sotto disease," a bacterium that caused mass death of silkworms.
- Berliner isolated a BT strain from dead mill fireworm larvae in 1911 and named it Bacillus thuringiensis.
- Over 70 BT varieties effective against phytophages have been identified, with high selectivity, safety, and antifidant, teratogenic, and reproductive properties.
- The first commercial BT insecticide, Sporine, was produced in France in 1938.
- In the former Soviet Union, the first bacterial insecticide, Entobacterin, was produced in the 1950s.
- In the U.S., commercial BT drugs were first produced in 1958.
- Advanced production and application technologies result in various BT-based drugs abroad, such as Bactospeine and DiPel.
- Complex preparation Xantrel, based on BT spore-crystal complex and Bacillus subtilis, is effective against leaf-eating pests and plant diseases.
- BT is found everywhere in nature, allowing for its use in organic farming and its safety for humans, warm-blooded animals, and the environment.
- Mechanism of action: the crystalline delta-endotoxin is insoluble in water but soluble in alkaline solutions. It enters the insect's body, degrades into a true toxin, and causes structural disorganization of the intestinal epithelium, leading to septicemia.
- Non-toxic BT virulence factors include metalloproteases, chitinases, aminopolyol antibiotics, and nucleotide fragments.
- The bacteria cause diseases that disrupt the insects' immune systems, allowing the bacteria to multiply and spread, eventually causing septicemia.
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Description
Learn about the process of how hydrolyzed toxins bind to specific receptors in an insect's midgut, leading to increased water permeability of cell membranes, cell swelling, and eventual rupture. Understand the physiological changes that occur in insects when exposed to crystalline endotoxin, and why this process is non-toxic to mammals.
