Insect Physiology and Toxicology Introduction

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total agricultural inputs expenditure do pesticides comprise?

22.1%

15.5%

25.4%

18.2% (correct)

Which type of pesticide constitutes the largest percentage of total pesticides used?

Insecticides (correct)

Rodenticides

Fungicides

Herbicides

Which of the following is NOT one of the most commonly used insecticides in the Philippines?

Permethrin

Chlorpyrifos (correct)

Methomyl

Parathion

Which country was the largest source of pesticide imports for the Philippines in 2020?

China Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the import of pesticides in the Philippines grow by 500%?

1972-1978 Signup and view all the answers

What does the term LC50 refer to in toxicology?

The concentration of a material in air that kills 50% of a test population. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'tolerance' in the context of toxicology?

The decreased response to a specific dose of a chemical learned over time. Signup and view all the answers

Insect physiology is critical to pest management because it helps with understanding what?

The anatomical and ecological factors that influence pesticide effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is NOT directly provided by the study of insect physiology?

Control strategies for insect pests. Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly contributed to increased agricultural productivity in the Philippines during the 1960s?

The enhanced agricultural infrastructure and inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of insect physiology?

The function of structures and organ systems in insect life Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the lowest dose of a substance reported to have caused death in humans or animals?

LDLo Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes acute toxicity from chronic toxicity?

Acute toxicity occurs from one-time exposure to a high dose, while chronic toxicity develops from long-term exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insecticide toxicologists?

To determine the metabolic fate of insecticides in insects and other organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines toxicology?

The study of the harmful effects of chemicals on biological tissues Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'absorption' refer to in toxicology?

The crossing of chemicals across various membranes within an organism Signup and view all the answers

In the context of insecticide toxicology, what aspect focuses on selective toxicology?

The establishment of frameworks for pesticides that selectively affect insects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of understanding insecticide toxicology?

To develop broader pest control strategies without harming mammals Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Physiology and Toxicology of Insects

Insect physiology examines how insects live, reproduce, and function within their ecosystems.
Physiological systems in insects include integument, endocrine, muscular, respiratory, digestive, circulatory, nervous, and excretory systems.

Toxicology Basics

Toxicology studies the harmful effects of chemicals on biological tissues and involves understanding chemical reactions and biological mechanisms.
Insecticide toxicology focuses on the effects of insecticides and does not include clinical treatments for humans affected by these substances.

Key Concepts in Insecticide Toxicology

Absorption: Process by which a chemical crosses biological membranes.
Toxicity: The capacity of a substance to produce adverse effects in organisms.
Acute Toxicity: Harmful effects from a single high-dose exposure; can be categorized as oral, dermal, or inhalation.
Chronic Toxicity: Long-term harmful effects due to continuous exposure to a toxic substance.
LD50 (Lethal Dose 50): Dose required to kill 50% of a test population, not administered via inhalation.
LDLo (Lethal Dose Low): Lowest reported dose causing death in humans or animals.
LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50): Concentration of a substance in air causing death in 50% of subjects after a single exposure.

Additional Toxicological Terms

Dose: Total amount of a substance that an organism absorbs.
Response: Proportion of a population exhibiting a defined effect after exposure.
Half-life: Time taken for the concentration of a substance to reduce to half its initial value.
Tolerance: Ability to show diminished response to a chemical due to prior exposure.

Importance of Insect Physiology and Toxicology

Effective pest and pesticide management relies on understanding insect physiology and toxicology.
Insights into insect physiology aid in developing control strategies for pest management.

Insecticide Use Patterns

Agricultural productivity in the Philippines began increasing in the 1960s due to better infrastructure and chemical inputs.
Insecticides make up about 55% of pesticides, with significant use in rice, corn, vegetables, and plantations.
Farmers often use higher quantities and stronger concentrations of pesticides to combat resistant pests.

Regulation of Pesticides

The Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) regulates the fertilizer and pesticide industries to prevent misuse.
Most commonly used insecticides in the Philippines include organophosphates (e.g., Parathion), carbamates (e.g., Carbaryl), and pyrethroids (e.g., Permethrin).

Pesticide Importation Trends

There was a 500% increase in pesticide importation from 1972 to 1978, with steady growth from 2010 to 2015.
The Philippines imported $363 million in pesticides in 2020, ranking as the world's 28th largest importer.
Main sources include China, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and South Korea.

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Description

This quiz introduces students to the fundamental concepts of insect physiology and toxicology. It covers essential terminologies and processes related to the maintenance and replication of insects as living organisms. Gain a better understanding of how these systems function and their significance.