Insect Physiology and Ecology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used for the temperature at which the growth of poikilothermic animals is arrested?

  • Developmental zero (correct)
  • Maximum effective temperature
  • Thermal constant
  • Temperature preferendum

What characterizes the zones of inactivity for insects?

  • Inactivity due to maximum temperatures
  • High metabolic rate maintenance
  • Inactivity due to freezing
  • Alive but no development occurs (correct)

Which of the following represents the fatal high temperature for insects?

  • 35 to 50°C
  • -5 to -14°C
  • 50 to 60°C (correct)
  • 0 to 35°C

How does death occur in insects at fatal high temperatures?

<p>Accumulation of toxins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred temperature range called for insects when given a choice along a temperature gradient?

<p>Temperature preferendum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the thermal constant refer to in the insect development cycle?

<p>Total heat energy for development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to insect fecundity at extreme temperatures?

<p>Declines at both upper and lower limits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition favors the establishment and distribution of insects?

<p>Tropical and subtropical conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a relationship where both organisms benefit from the interaction?

<p>Mutualism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a predator?

<p>Consumes plant matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe an organism that obtains nourishment at the expense of its host?

<p>Parasite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a parasite and a parasitoid?

<p>Parasitoids live freely as adults. (A), Parasitoids always kill their host. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major categories of pest control methods?

<p>Natural and applied (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of parasites specifically attacks plants?

<p>Phytophagous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of control measures are taken to prevent the occurrence or spread of infestation?

<p>Preventive measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the process of a parasite obtaining nourishment from its host?

<p>Parasitisation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered the cheapest among pest control strategies?

<p>Cultural methods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the prey in the predator-prey relationship?

<p>The organism that is hunted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice involves the removal of weeds to prevent pests?

<p>Clean cultivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of cultural methods?

<p>Legislative methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the population of a species typically behave over time?

<p>Oscillates around a theoretical optimum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of proper preparatory cultivation on insect populations?

<p>It exposes insects to sun and natural predators. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines curative measures?

<p>Methods aimed at killing existing pest populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit do farmers gain by adopting normal agricultural practices?

<p>Improved crop yields and pest population control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Normal Coefficient of destruction' refer to?

<p>The proportion of a population eliminated due to environmental resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are considered constituents of environmental resistance?

<p>Both biotic and abiotic factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is environmental resistance expected to affect insect populations?

<p>It maintains dynamic equilibrium within the population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the outbreak of pest populations in agro-ecosystems?

<p>Intensification of agriculture under favorable conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abiotic factors are known to adversely affect insects at extreme levels?

<p>Temperature and humidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the formula for calculating the Normal Coefficient of destruction?

<p>The sex ratio influences the population dynamics significantly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do natural disturbances play in insect life?

<p>They generally act as limiting factors for insect survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the relationship between biotic potential and environmental resistance?

<p>They create a dynamic equilibrium in populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an epidemic pest?

<p>Is present in a severe form only during a particular season (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an endemic pest?

<p>Stem borers of rice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

<p>Harmonious use of multiple control methods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'economic injury level' refer to in pest management?

<p>The maximum pest population that can be tolerated without economic loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature do mosquitoes become rare?

<p>112°F (B), 113°F (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the pink boll worm being serious in Punjab?

<p>Temperature within 95.5°F (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first proposed the concept of managing pest populations in 1961?

<p>Geier and Clark (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior do insects exhibit when facing unfavorable temperatures?

<p>They move away (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'P' in the IPM acronym stand for?

<p>Pest management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which statement is true regarding the role of total agro ecosystem in pest management?

<p>It broadly influences insect numbers for pest management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism migrates at temperatures between 17 to 22°C?

<p>Desert locust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of IPM, why is it important to maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels?

<p>To ensure higher agricultural yield without economic loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do desert insects typically manage their body color to deal with heat?

<p>They develop dark pigments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation helps conserve moisture by preventing excessive evaporation?

<p>Dense body hairs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of some desert beetles that aids in protecting them from hot winds?

<p>Oval and compressed body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature aids insects in retaining body moisture?

<p>Waxy coating of integument (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Developmental Zero

The temperature at which the growth of poikilothermic animals stops.

Maximum Effective Temperature

The upper limit of temperature where development stops, but can resume when the temperature drops. Think of it as the point where it's too hot to continue growing.

Zones of Inactivity

Temperature zones slightly above and below the 'optimal growth' zone where insects are alive, but not developing. They can resume growth when the temperature becomes favorable again.

Fatal Zones of Temperature

Temperatures beyond the 'zones of inactivity' where insects die. These zones have an upper and lower limit.

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Thermal Constant

The total amount of heat energy required for an insect to complete a specific stage of development, like becoming an adult.

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Hibernation

A period of inactivity in insects during cold seasons, similar to hibernation in mammals.

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Aestivation

A period of inactivity in insects during hot or dry seasons.

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Temperature Preferendum

The optimal temperature range where insects are most active and reproduce the most.

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Insect Migration Due to Temperature

Insects like the rice weevil migrate to cooler areas when temperatures rise.

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Desert Locust Migration Temperature

Insects like the Desert Locust take flight and migrate when temperatures reach a comfortable range (17 to 22°C).

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Pink Bollworm Optimal Temperature

Pink bollworms thrive in warm temperatures, causing damage to cotton.

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Insect Temperature Adaptation: Body Position

Insects adjust their body position to maximize or minimize heat absorption based on the temperature.

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Insect Water Conservation: Integument

Insects conserve water by having well-developed integument (outer covering) to prevent evaporation.

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Insect Water Conservation: Waxy Coating

Waxy coating on the insect integument helps reduce water loss, especially in dry environments.

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Insect Water Conservation: Winglessness

Wingless grasshoppers and crickets conserve water as they have less surface area for evaporation.

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Insect Water Conservation: Pilocity

Dense hair on the body helps trap moisture and prevent water loss.

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Mutualism

A relationship where both species benefit from the interaction. Think of it as a win-win situation.

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Parasite

An organism that lives on or in another organism (the host) and benefits from the relationship, often harming the host.

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Parasitoid

A type of parasite that feeds on the body of another insect or arthropod during the larval stage, eventually killing the host.

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Parasitisation

The act of a parasite obtaining nourishment from its host.

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Predator

An organism that kills and consumes other animals for food, usually smaller and more helpless.

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Insect Predator

A predator that is typically larger, active, and has adaptations for catching prey.

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Population

The number of individuals of a particular species living in a specific area at a given time.

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Balance of Life

A state of dynamic equilibrium in an ecosystem where different populations maintain a relatively stable balance.

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Biotic Potential

The ability of a population to increase under ideal conditions.

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Environmental Resistance

Factors that limit population growth, such as weather, food, or predators.

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Normal Coefficient of Destruction

The proportion of a population that dies due to environmental resistance.

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Biotic Factors

The factors that limit population growth, such as food scarcity, competition, or predators.

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Abiotic Factors

Non-living factors that limit population growth, such as temperature, humidity, or storms.

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Pest Status

When insect populations increase significantly and cause damage to crops.

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Causes for Outbreak of Pests

Intensified agricultural practices that can increase pest populations due to favorable conditions.

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Endemic Pests

Pests that occur regularly in a specific area, specific to a particular locality, geographic region, or habitat.

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Epidemic Pests

Pests that occur in a severe form only during a specific time or season in a region.

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Economic Injury Level (EIL)

The level of pest infestation where damage caused by the pest begins to impact the economic viability of the crop.

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

An approach to pest management that integrates various control methods to minimize pest populations and economic damage, while also protecting the environment.

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Pest

Any organism that causes damage to humans, including vertebrates, invertebrates, weeds, or pathogens.

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Pest Management

A set of rules or decisions based on ecological principles, economic considerations, and social factors to manage pest populations.

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IPM Definition by FAO (1967)

Utilizing all suitable techniques and methods in a compatible manner to maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels.

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IPM: A Pest Management System

A pest management system that considers the environment and population dynamics of pests, aiming to minimize economic injury.

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Cultural Pest Control

Controlling pests by manipulating farming practices to make the environment less suitable for pests and more favorable for their natural enemies. It is the cheapest pest control method.

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Normal Agricultural Practices

Normal agricultural practices that unintentionally reduce pest populations, like proper soil preparation and weed removal, which benefit crops and reduce pest populations.

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Proper Preparatory Cultivation

Preparing the soil before planting by turning it over to expose pests living in the soil to sunlight and predators, like birds. Examples include pupae of moths and root grubs.

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Clean Cultivation

Removing weeds that serve as alternate hosts for pests. For example, the paddy gall fly breeds in grasses like Panicum and Cynodon.

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Preventive Pest Control

Actions taken to prevent or control pest infestations before they happen. For example, using preventative measures like crop rotation or planting resistant varieties.

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Curative Pest Control

Actions taken to eliminate existing pest populations. For example, spraying pesticides or using traps.

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Legislative Pest Control

Actions taken to prevent the spread of pests through regulations and laws. For example, quarantine measures to stop the spread of invasive species.

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Chemical Pest Control

Using chemicals, like pesticides and insecticides, to kill pests. This is often the most effective method but can also be harmful to the environment and human health.

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Study Notes

Study Notes

  • Study Material: Insect Ecology and Integrated Pest Management for Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Course No. Ento.231 (2+1), (2011-12)

Editors and Co-Editors

  • Editors: G Raghavaiah (Professor & Head, Department of Entomology, Agricultural College, Bapatla) and T Ramesh Babu (Professor & Head, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad)
  • Co-Editors: K Hari Prasad, S R Koteswara Rao, P V Krishnayya, K Manjula, P Seetha Ramu, K Sridevi and S Upendhar

Objectives

  • General Objective: To impart knowledge of insect ecology and various pest management strategies.
  • Specific Objectives (Theory):
  • Understanding ecological factors influencing insect development and distribution.
  • Knowledge of integrated pest management (IPM) components.
  • Understanding insecticide classification and use in pest management.
  • Knowledge of mass multiplication techniques for major bio-control agents.
  • Knowledge of non-insect pest management.
  • Specific Objectives (Practical):
  • Knowledge of sampling techniques for estimating insect populations.
  • Knowledge of light traps, pheromone traps and insecticides in pest management.
  • Identifying biological control agents.
  • Knowledge of insecticide formulations and dosage calculation.
  • Knowledge of mass multiplication of bio-control agents.
  • Identifying nematodes, mites and other non insect pests.

Lecture Outlines (Theory)

  • Lecture 1 (ecology): Introduction, autecology, synecology, population, community, environment.
  • Lecture 2 (abiotic factors): Temperature, moisture, rainfall, light - their effect on insect development, fecundity, distribution, and movement.
  • Lecture 3 (light): Ecology of light; impact on growth, moulting, activity, oviposition and pigmentation.
  • Lecture 4 (pest surveillance): Importance of IPM. The evolution of IPM, concepts and principles.
  • Lecture 5 (pest surveillance): Pest surveillance, forecasting and marking endemic areas, population dynamics, and key mortality factors.
  • Lecture 6 (IPM): Modern concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), advantages and disadvantages.
  • Lecture 7 (Host Plant Resistance): Host plant resistance, ecological resistance, host evasion, induced resistance and host escape
  • Lecture 8 (Cultural Methods of Pest Control): Normal agricultural practices, adjusting planting times, trap cropping.
  • Lecture 9 (Physical Methods of Pest Control): Strategies for controlling pests like use of heat, steam sterilization, and other physical measures.
  • Lecture 10 (Biological Control): Introduction, types of biological control (introduction, augmentation, conservation), advantages and disadvantages.
  • Lecture 11 (Microbial Control): Role of bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes in controlling pests, advantages and disadvantages.
  • Lecture 12 (Beneficial Insects): Pollinators, their importance and characteristics of different genera of pollinators and scavengers, advantages and disadvantages
  • Lecture 13 (Chemical Control): General properties and classification of insecticides.
  • Lecture 14 (Inorganic Insecticides): Arsenic compounds and their use, safety precautions.
  • Lecture 15 (Synthetic Organic Insecticides): Chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT and HCH), Cyclodienes and their classification.
  • Lecture 16 (Synthetic Pyrethroids and insecticides of other groups): Types of synthetic pyrethroids, their properties, and methods of control.
  • Lecture 17 (Macrocyclic Lactones): Spinosad and Avermectins.
  • Lecture 18 (Chitin synthesis inhibitors, Insect hormone mimics, agonists and recent methods of pest control): Methods, properties, and advantages of various chemicals.
  • Lecture 19 (Rodenticides And Acaricides): Compounds used to control rodents, their characteristics, properties, types, and safety precautions with respect to use and mixing with other compounds.
  • Lecture 20 (Application Techniques of Spray Fluids): Different types of sprays, their properties, advantages, and disadvantages.
  • Lecture 21 (History of nematology, economic importance in Agriculture-Classification of Nematihelmenthes) : History of nematology and importance in agriculture.
  • Lecture 22 (Functional Systems of Nematodes): Different types of nematodes and the morphology and classification using these factors.
  • Lecture 23 (Nematode Biology and Ecology - Types and Complex Diseases): Nematode biology and ecology, parasitism, complex diseases related to nematodes.
  • Lecture 24 (Different types of nematodes): Various types of nematodes and their damage to crops, symptoms of infestation and treatment.
  • Lecture 25 (Integrated Nematode Management): Host plant resistance, cultural practices, mechanical methods
  • Lecture 26 (Different Nematode Management Methods): Physical biological and chemical control.
  • Lecture 27 (Mites): Mites – morphological aspects, importance of mites, and vectors of crop diseases
  • Lecture 28 (Types of Mites): Important mites and their classifications and properties
  • Lecture 29 (Tarsonemidae and Eriophyidae): Classification of families of mites.
  • Lecture 30 (House Hold Insects - Rodents): Classification of Rodentia, characteristics of Indian rodents, their damage to crops. Management and chemical control.
  • Lecture 31 (Other Non Insect Pests - Birds): Bird species that harm crops, their destructive nature. Methods of controlling birds that harm crops.
  • Lecture 32 (Other Domestic Insect Pests - Insects): List and classification of household and livestock pests and how to control these pests.

Practical Information

  • Practical exercises to be performed as part of the course.

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Test your knowledge on the physiological and ecological aspects of insects in this quiz. Explore topics such as temperature effects on growth, insect-favorable conditions, and interactions between species. Sharpen your understanding of critical concepts like thermal constants and pest control methods.

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