Questions and Answers
What acts were designed by the Roosevelt administration to shore up the American finance system after the Emergency Banking Act?
What impact did the Dust Bowl have on Kansas in 1938?
Almost half of the state was impacted by severe wind erosion.
Which statements describe the Social Security Act?
What powerful messages did the Communist Party convey in their symbolism during the 1930s?
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The Wagner Act enlisted efforts to break up unions in favor of employers.
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Match the advocates with their policy ideas.
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What was FDR's view on government expenditure during recovery efforts?
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What were some political legacies brought about by the New Deal?
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What legislation was part of the Hundred Days?
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Identify the accomplishments of individuals or courts in relation to civil liberties.
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What did John Maynard Keynes imply about Roosevelt's approach? It was defined by $$ and $$ and $______$.
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The National Resources Planning Board found that blacks enjoyed an improved standard of living all across the United States in 1942.
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In 1938, Roosevelt applied Keynesian economic theory by increasing the budget deficit.
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Mechanized agriculture had a damaging effect, intensifying the Dust Bowl.
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Anti-modernist fundamentalists were against modern technology while using the technology of radio.
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What does this map reveal about the election of 1932?
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Identify the missions of the following unions and organizations:
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Identify the statements that describe women during the Depression.
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Celebrating the work and life of everyday people was a central focus of artists during the 1930s.
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Identify the political agendas of the following individuals:
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The anti-modernist fundamentalists seized modern technology like the radio to spread their messages.
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Identify the statements that describe Mexican-Americans' experiences during the Depression.
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Identify the statements that describe the Indian New Deal.
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What does Roosevelt mean by his 'broader definition of liberty'?
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Identify the outcomes of the following committees and courts:
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Identify the goals of the following legislation passed during the Hundred Days:
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Identify the statements that describe the Rural Electrification Agency (REA).
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What was the overall significance of the New Deal and its legacy?
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Identify the statements that describe the Court fight involving FDR.
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Why did southern Democrats turn on Roosevelt?
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Identify the statements that describe labor unions during the New Deal and World War II.
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In 1939 Roosevelt put Keynesian economic theory to work.
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Identify the statements that describe the Scottsboro case.
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Identify the statements that describe the United Auto Workers (UAW).
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FDR consistently linked freedom with economic security.
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The one important area of the economy that Roosevelt's New Deal legislation failed to act on was the housing industry.
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Identify the statements that describe the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and its mission.
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Identify the ways in which the New Deal failed African-Americans.
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Which of the following acts were designed by the Roosevelt administration to shore up the American finance system?
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The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was created in 1935.
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Identify the statements that describe the Social Security Act.
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Identify the greatest accomplishments of the Public Works Administration (PWA):
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The public assistance programs established by Social Security were open to all Americans who could demonstrate need.
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The Wagner Act was based on the premise that unionization would aid economic recovery.
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The Civil Works Administration directly hired construction workers for government-funded projects.
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Identify the statements that describe New Deal opposition.
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Identify the statements that describe Huey Long and his Share the Wealth movement.
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Roosevelt was spurred to initiate the Second New Deal in 1935 because the first had failed.
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During the Depression, who led blacks to fight back against economic oppression?
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Study Notes
Election of 1932
- Hoover's strongest support stemmed from Northeastern states.
- Roosevelt achieved a significant victory, winning the presidency by a landslide.
Labor Unions and Organizations
- The American Federation of Labor (AFL) organized workers by craft, rather than by industry.
- The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) aimed to secure economic freedom and industrial democracy for workers.
- The United Auto Workers (UAW) effectively employed sit-down strikes to halt production and negotiate terms.
Women's Employment During the Depression
- Employers largely rejected hiring married women.
- Prominent figures like Frances Perkins and Eleanor Roosevelt elevated the profile of women.
- Many female domestic workers were omitted from Social Security benefits, which denied them pensions and unemployment aid.
Artistic Expression in the 1930s
- Artists celebrated everyday people's work and contributions as genuine expressions of American identity.
Voices of Protest
- Upton Sinclair suggested utilizing unused resources for cooperative job ventures.
- Dr. Francis Townsend proposed payments to the elderly to stimulate the economy.
- Huey Long advocated for wealth redistribution through grants and job guarantees.
Role of Modern Technology
- Anti-modernist fundamentalists leveraged radio technology to disseminate their messages.
Mexican-Americans During the Depression
- Mexican-American leaders sought rights by aligning themselves with the identity of white Americans to avoid discrimination.
Indian New Deal
- Under John Collier, the Indian New Deal ended forced assimilation and allowed cultural autonomy for Native Americans.
- It abolished the division of Indian lands into individual plots.
Roosevelt's Concept of Liberty
- Roosevelt differentiated his broader definition of liberty, linking it to economic security, from historical concepts which favored the privileged.
Civil Liberties and Government Committee Actions
- The House Un-American Activities Committee formed to investigate disloyalty in 1938.
- The Smith Act criminalized advocacy for the overthrow of the U.S. government.
New Deal Legislation and Goals
- The Public Works Administration aimed to build infrastructure with a $3.3 billion budget.
- The Glass-Steagall Act prevented commercial banks from engaging in stock trading.
- The National Recovery Administration collaborated with businesses to establish industry-wide standards.
- The Civilian Conservation Corps provided jobs focused on conservation and park improvements.
Rural Electrification Agency (REA)
- The REA aimed to bring electricity to rural areas, enhancing the standard of living for farmers.
- It became one of the most successful initiatives of the Second New Deal.
New Deal Significance
- The New Deal enhanced national government power and significantly increased the Democratic Party's influence.
- It recognized workers' rights to organize unions for the first time.
Court Fight and Political Miscalculations
- Roosevelt's move to expand the Supreme Court prompted accusations of dictatorship and a shift in the court's decision-making process.
Southern Democrats and New Deal Strategy
- Southern Democrats became disenchanted with Roosevelt due to his support for liberal politicians and economic reporting highlighting the South’s lagging conditions.
Labor Union Growth
- Union membership experienced significant growth, doubling between 1930 and 1940.
- Unions successfully negotiated better conditions and wages for workers.
Keynesian Economic Theory
- Roosevelt applied Keynesian principles in 1939, requesting funds for relief efforts to sustain purchasing power and revitalize the economy.
Scottsboro Case
- The Scottsboro case showcased severe racism and led to expanded civil liberties protections for defendants.
- It involved the wrongful accusation of nine African American youths in Alabama in 1931.
United Auto Workers (UAW) Achievements
- The UAW grew to 400,000 members by 1937, using sit-down strikes effectively against automobile manufacturers.
Economic Security and FDR's Goals
- FDR consistently associated freedom with economic security, viewing economic inequality as a major threat to liberty.
Housing Industry Under the New Deal
- Roosevelt's New Deal legislation fell short in addressing housing issues, maintaining that private enterprise handled this sector adequately.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- The TVA created affordable electricity access and managed flooding in Tennessee and surrounding states.
New Deal's Impact on African Americans
- New Deal programs often reinforced racial segregation and systematically excluded African Americans from benefits.
Financial Reforms
- The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Glass-Steagall Act were enacted to stabilize the American financial system post-crash.
Popular Front Movement
- The Communist Party allied with socialists and New Dealers, emphasizing civil liberties and broadening the American understanding of diversity.
Cultural Contributions of the Popular Front
- Cultural works such as "Ballad for Americans" and significant films reflected the era's values and collective experiences.
Southern Political Monopoly
- Southern Democrats maintained control by disenfranchising black voters and excluding agricultural and domestic workers from Social Security.
Influential Personalities and Contributions
- Figures like Earl Robinson, Dorothea Lange, and Martha Graham significantly contributed to the cultural fabric of the Popular Front.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
- The WPA constructed vital public infrastructure and employed artists to create cultural projects, enhancing community and artistic engagement.
Discrimination in Welfare Programs
- States implemented discriminatory practices in Social Security, limiting access for blacks due to their occupational roles and economic status.
Wagner Act and Economic Recovery
- The Wagner Act promoted unionization, believing it would elevate purchasing power and restore economic stability.
Opposition to the New Deal
- The U.S. Chamber of Commerce and various critics claimed the New Deal threatened American freedoms and fiscal responsibility.
Huey Long and Share the Wealth
- Huey Long, a formidable political figure, sought significant wealth confiscation to fund social programs in Louisiana.
Understanding the Second New Deal
- The Second New Deal shifted focus from economic recovery to establishing long-term security for American citizens.
Collective Economic Action
- W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged collective economic action within the black community to resist oppressive economic practices.### Economic Theories and the Great Depression
- Advocated laissez-faire market philosophy where markets self-regulate through cycles.
- Industrialization intensified extreme business cycles, negatively impacting ordinary citizens.
- The Great Depression prompted calls for a shift in economic philosophy.
Key Advocates of Economic Policy
- Huey Long led the "Share the Wealth" movement, promoting wealth redistribution.
- Upton Sinclair supported cooperative ventures aimed at improving societal welfare.
- John Maynard Keynes advocated for large-scale government spending to stimulate the economy.
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
- Roosevelt stressed the importance of efficiently utilizing human resources for recovery.
- He emphasized government’s role in providing for communities when individuals cannot manage alone.
- He aimed to gain public support for New Deal programs through his fireside chats.
Political Legacies of the New Deal
- The New Deal solidified the Democratic Party as the majority party for the following four decades.
- It enhanced the power of the national government in economic and regulatory matters.
- Established a permanent administrative state to implement New Deal initiatives.
The Hundred Days of Legislative Actions
- Roosevelt's administration quickly enacted legislation during the Hundred Days to address the Great Depression.
- Key actions included the abolition of Prohibition and the establishment of the National Recovery Administration (NRA).
- The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was also a significant program created during this period.
Popular Front and Civil Liberties
- The movement focused on advocating civil liberties, particularly labor's right to unionize.
- Attorney General Frank Murphy established the Civil Liberties Unit in the Department of Justice.
- The Supreme Court underscored the necessity of protecting free thought and expression for overall freedom.
- Robert M. La Follette Jr. exposed employer tactics against unionization, highlighting abuses like spying and violence.
Keynesian Economics and FDR
- John Maynard Keynes recognized Roosevelt as a trustee for those seeking social improvement through structured experimentation.
- He implied that Roosevelt's approach would require balancing between leftist and rightist unregulated practices.
Conditions for African Americans in 1942
- Findings from the National Resources Planning Board indicated that blacks did not experience a universal improvement in living standards despite claims of increased employment opportunities.
Roosevelt's Implementation of Keynesian Theory
- In 1938, Roosevelt applied Keynesian economic principles by increasing the federal budget deficit and securing funds for work relief and agricultural assistance.
- This aimed to maintain individual purchasing power and stimulate economic recovery.
Impact of Mechanized Agriculture
- Mechanized farming contributed to the escalation of the Dust Bowl crisis, leading to severe environmental and economic consequences.
Anti-Modernist Fundamentalists
- Despite opposing modern technology, anti-modernist fundamentalists effectively utilized radio broadcasting to disseminate their messages widely.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards about Chapter 21, focusing on the election of 1932 and the missions of various unions and organizations. Each card helps reinforce important historical concepts and details. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of this pivotal era in American history.
