Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the focus of a firm's strategy towards innovation?
What is the focus of a firm's strategy towards innovation?
- Long-term planning and investment in technology and markets (correct)
- Only investing in technology
- Only focusing on market selection
- Short-term planning and investment
What is required to manage diversity of knowledge and skills effectively?
What is required to manage diversity of knowledge and skills effectively?
- Neither specialist nor generalist skills
- Only generalist skills
- Only specialist skills
- A combination of specialist and generalist skills (correct)
What is the purpose of a project portfolio approach?
What is the purpose of a project portfolio approach?
- To establish a range of projects (correct)
- To focus on short-term planning
- To avoid long-term planning
- To select only one project
What is the characteristic of hybrid managers?
What is the characteristic of hybrid managers?
What is the main distinction between firms with a strategy towards innovation and those without?
What is the main distinction between firms with a strategy towards innovation and those without?
What is the purpose of recognising the organisation's skills, technology, and knowledge?
What is the purpose of recognising the organisation's skills, technology, and knowledge?
What type of individuals are useful in facilitating the transfer of knowledge within a company?
What type of individuals are useful in facilitating the transfer of knowledge within a company?
According to Pavitt, how can firms be classified with regard to technology usage?
According to Pavitt, how can firms be classified with regard to technology usage?
What type of innovation requires new knowledge for one or more components while keeping the architectural knowledge unchanged?
What type of innovation requires new knowledge for one or more components while keeping the architectural knowledge unchanged?
Which innovation type has a significant impact on the linkage of components?
Which innovation type has a significant impact on the linkage of components?
What does incremental innovation build upon?
What does incremental innovation build upon?
Which axis in Figure 4.4 classifies project style?
Which axis in Figure 4.4 classifies project style?
How does architectural innovation affect the components' knowledge?
How does architectural innovation affect the components' knowledge?
What does the horizontal axis in Figure 4.4 represent?
What does the horizontal axis in Figure 4.4 represent?
According to the new product development (NPD) literature, what do project management models focus on?
According to the new product development (NPD) literature, what do project management models focus on?
Which type of projects deliver mainly knowledge?
Which type of projects deliver mainly knowledge?
What is the central focus of the chapter based on the provided text?
What is the central focus of the chapter based on the provided text?
What do Adams et al. (2006) suggest is essential for understanding innovation management?
What do Adams et al. (2006) suggest is essential for understanding innovation management?
What major challenge is mentioned regarding the process of innovation?
What major challenge is mentioned regarding the process of innovation?
What does the framework developed by Adams et al. (2006) help managers to do?
What does the framework developed by Adams et al. (2006) help managers to do?
Which key aspect does innovation require according to the text?
Which key aspect does innovation require according to the text?
Which table is mentioned to provide a summary of organizational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process?
Which table is mentioned to provide a summary of organizational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process?
What remains a big question according to the text?
What remains a big question according to the text?
Competitive success is dependent on a firm's management of what?
Competitive success is dependent on a firm's management of what?
What is the primary function of specialist equipment suppliers?
What is the primary function of specialist equipment suppliers?
Which organizational structure is characterized by flexibility and the absence of hierarchy?
Which organizational structure is characterized by flexibility and the absence of hierarchy?
Burns and Stalker's 1961 work focused on which type of organizations?
Burns and Stalker's 1961 work focused on which type of organizations?
What is a key characteristic of mechanistic organizational structures?
What is a key characteristic of mechanistic organizational structures?
What is a common criticism of mechanistic structures mentioned in the text?
What is a common criticism of mechanistic structures mentioned in the text?
Which of these individuals raised objections against Burns and Stalker's argument?
Which of these individuals raised objections against Burns and Stalker's argument?
Which type of organizational structure is more adaptable and openly communicating?
Which type of organizational structure is more adaptable and openly communicating?
Which organizational structure tends to support industrial innovation?
Which organizational structure tends to support industrial innovation?
What is one of the principal benefits of ERP systems?
What is one of the principal benefits of ERP systems?
What can ERP systems help reduce?
What can ERP systems help reduce?
Which time period saw noticeable changes within organizations due to large IT systems?
Which time period saw noticeable changes within organizations due to large IT systems?
What do well-established management principles help organizations do?
What do well-established management principles help organizations do?
What is one role of the individual in the innovation process, according to Roberts and Fushfield?
What is one role of the individual in the innovation process, according to Roberts and Fushfield?
What is a key clash between ERP systems and innovative organisations?
What is a key clash between ERP systems and innovative organisations?
What can well-applied management principles prevent in science and technology-related organizations?
What can well-applied management principles prevent in science and technology-related organizations?
What kind of software has become one of the most successful products in the world?
What kind of software has become one of the most successful products in the world?
What is a key benefit of process innovation in an organization?
What is a key benefit of process innovation in an organization?
What is a characteristic of process industries?
What is a characteristic of process industries?
How do process innovations relate to product innovations?
How do process innovations relate to product innovations?
What is a key aspect of process design and innovation?
What is a key aspect of process design and innovation?
Why has process innovation received less attention than product innovation in the literature?
Why has process innovation received less attention than product innovation in the literature?
What is a key aspect of process design?
What is a key aspect of process design?
What is a characteristic of process industries in terms of production?
What is a characteristic of process industries in terms of production?
What is an important source of increased productivity in an organization?
What is an important source of increased productivity in an organization?
What does 'stretch' in process industries refer to?
What does 'stretch' in process industries refer to?
What is a common challenge in process industries?
What is a common challenge in process industries?
What is an approach to trigger innovation in operations management?
What is an approach to trigger innovation in operations management?
What is the purpose of gap analysis in operations management?
What is the purpose of gap analysis in operations management?
What can be improved through 'stretch' in process industries?
What can be improved through 'stretch' in process industries?
What is a characteristic of process industries?
What is a characteristic of process industries?
How can intensity of use lead to improvements in process industries?
How can intensity of use lead to improvements in process industries?
What can be achieved through application development in process industries?
What can be achieved through application development in process industries?
What is a common association with process innovation in the food industry?
What is a common association with process innovation in the food industry?
When are firms likely to favour process innovation?
When are firms likely to favour process innovation?
Which of the following is a goal of process innovation?
Which of the following is a goal of process innovation?
Why might end consumers not notice process innovations?
Why might end consumers not notice process innovations?
Which factor often accompanies the introduction of a cost-reducing process?
Which factor often accompanies the introduction of a cost-reducing process?
What type of innovation involves new activities to achieve lower costs and higher product quality?
What type of innovation involves new activities to achieve lower costs and higher product quality?
What is often an outcome for firms focusing on process innovation?
What is often an outcome for firms focusing on process innovation?
How are product and process innovation typically related?
How are product and process innovation typically related?
Which process involves granting another business permission to use intellectual property?
Which process involves granting another business permission to use intellectual property?
In which model does a business use its industrial context to transform knowledge into action?
In which model does a business use its industrial context to transform knowledge into action?
Which model relies on the creation of specific locations that facilitate collaboration between businesses and scientific institutions?
Which model relies on the creation of specific locations that facilitate collaboration between businesses and scientific institutions?
What is the main role of an intermediary agency in the context of technology transfer?
What is the main role of an intermediary agency in the context of technology transfer?
What does the directory model of technology transfer primarily involve?
What does the directory model of technology transfer primarily involve?
Which model assists companies to utilize academic research through partnerships for mutual benefit?
Which model assists companies to utilize academic research through partnerships for mutual benefit?
Which of the following models is known for facilitating the hiring of skilled employees to transfer knowledge?
Which of the following models is known for facilitating the hiring of skilled employees to transfer knowledge?
Which model emphasizes the listing and awareness of business opportunities over physical interactions?
Which model emphasizes the listing and awareness of business opportunities over physical interactions?
What was the original name of the Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) model?
What was the original name of the Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) model?
What kind of firms does the Knowledge Transfer Partnership model primarily aim to assist?
What kind of firms does the Knowledge Transfer Partnership model primarily aim to assist?
What is the primary goal of the Ferret model developed by Defence Technology Enterprises (DTE)?
What is the primary goal of the Ferret model developed by Defence Technology Enterprises (DTE)?
Who are the 'ferrets' in the Defence Technology Enterprises model?
Who are the 'ferrets' in the Defence Technology Enterprises model?
How many days a week does a student in the KTP model typically spend at the company working on their project?
How many days a week does a student in the KTP model typically spend at the company working on their project?
What is a commonly used method for companies to gain necessary technology in areas where they have limited knowledge?
What is a commonly used method for companies to gain necessary technology in areas where they have limited knowledge?
Which organizations were involved in the joint initiative that led to the creation of Defence Technology Enterprises (DTE)?
Which organizations were involved in the joint initiative that led to the creation of Defence Technology Enterprises (DTE)?
Where are new employees often recruited from, according to the most effective hiring methods for skilled employees?
Where are new employees often recruited from, according to the most effective hiring methods for skilled employees?
What is the primary function of technology transfer units established in the 1980s?
What is the primary function of technology transfer units established in the 1980s?
What is the main method of technology transfer adopted by research clubs?
What is the main method of technology transfer adopted by research clubs?
What is the UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) funded program that brings companies together with common research interests?
What is the UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) funded program that brings companies together with common research interests?
Which model is NOT used by the European Space Agency for technology transfer?
Which model is NOT used by the European Space Agency for technology transfer?
What do consultants offer to R&D research groups within large organizations?
What do consultants offer to R&D research groups within large organizations?
Which technology transfer model is essentially adopted by consultants?
Which technology transfer model is essentially adopted by consultants?
Which of the following is a limitation of technology transfer models?
Which of the following is a limitation of technology transfer models?
For what purpose are industrial liaison units and technology transfer units primarily established?
For what purpose are industrial liaison units and technology transfer units primarily established?
Study Notes
Types of Innovation
- Incremental innovation: builds upon existing component and architectural knowledge
- Modular innovation: requires new knowledge for one or more components, but architectural knowledge remains unchanged
- Architectural innovation: has a great impact on the linkage of components, but knowledge of single components remains the same
Organizational Structure and Innovation
- Organic structures: flexible, adaptable, and openly communicating, support innovation more effectively
- Mechanistic structures: characterised by long chains of command, rigid work methods, and strict task differentiation, are less suitable for innovation
The Role of Individuals in Innovation
- Key individual roles: idea generators, champions, and project leaders
- Hybrid managers: have technical and commercial training, and are particularly useful in product development
IT Systems and Innovation
- Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems: can integrate business functions, reduce data duplication, and provide more accurate and timely information
- However, ERP systems can also stifle innovation due to the need for standardization and rigid processes
Strategy and Innovation
- A firm's strategy towards innovation involves planning for the future, selecting markets to enter, and identifying appropriate technologies
- A project portfolio approach can be used to establish a range of projects and provide opportunities for the firm to exploit
Measuring Innovation
- A framework for measuring innovation management can be used to evaluate a firm's innovation activities and identify areas for improvement
- Key elements to be measured include idea generation, project management, and the commercialization of new products or services
Process Innovation
- Process innovation: new activities introduced into a firm's production or service operations to achieve lower costs and/or produce higher quality products
- Can be triggered by gap analysis, quality circles, and total quality management (TQM)
Triggers for Innovation
- Gap analysis: identifies differences between the customer and producer view or experience of a product or service
- Quality circles: a team-based approach to continuous improvement
- TQM: a philosophy of continuous improvement and customer satisfaction
Open Innovation
- A shift from closed systems to open systems, where innovation is not limited to internal resources
- Involves collaboration, licensing, and other forms of knowledge transfer
Knowledge Transfer and Technology Transfer
- Knowledge transfer: the process of sharing knowledge and expertise between individuals and organizations
- Technology transfer: the process of transferring technology from one organization to another
- Models of technology transfer: licensing, science park model, intermediary agency model, directory model, Knowledge Transfer Partnership model, Ferret model, and hiring skilled employees### Technology Transfer Units
- In the 1980s, US Federal Labs and research-based organizations, including universities, established industrial liaison units and technology transfer units to bring in technology from outside and/or to find partners to help exploit in-house developments.
- Technology transfer units use elements of the intermediary and licensing models.
Research Clubs
- The UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) funded research clubs that bring companies together with common interests in particular research areas.
- Some research clubs conduct collaborative research, while others exchange information, knowledge, and/or experience.
- This approach adopts the science park model of technology transfer.
European Space Agency (ESA)
- The ESA offers access to space research in virtually all fields of science and technology.
- The ESA uses a combination of three models: the intermediary agency model, the directory model, and the ferret model.
Consultancy
- Consultants are former researchers who offer their unique skills to the wider industry.
- R&D research groups within large organizations often contact several consultants prior to establishing a research project in a particular field related to the consultant's area of expertise.
- Consultants can offer help, advice, and useful contacts to get the research project off to a flying start.
- They often remain part of the research group during the early years of the project.
- This is a very popular method of technology transfer, essentially adopting the hiring skilled employees model.
Limitations of Models
- Technology transfer models fail to understand the recipient organization's needs.
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Description
This quiz covers the different types of innovation in product development, including incremental, modular, and architectural innovations. It explains how each type affects the components and architectural knowledge of a product.
