37 Questions
What is the average distance from the teeth to the vocal cords?
13 cm
What is most likely to produce bronchodilation?
Humoral release of epinephrine/norepinephrine
Which of the following is the largest subdivision of a lung lobe?
Bronchopulmonary segment
What is a possible response to attempting laryngoscopy in a fully awake patient?
Laryngospasm
What is the angle of the right main bronchus (away from the midline of the trachea) in an infant?
55
Which part of the respiratory anatomy is responsible for decreasing the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?
Respiratory bronchioles
Which part of the respiratory anatomy is responsible for providing the sensory innervation of the lungs?
Pulmonary plexuses
What is the main difference between left and right main bronchi?
Number of lobes they supply
Which part of the tracheobronchial tree is characterized by changes in epithelium height and complexity, cartilage rings being replaced by irregular plates, and a decrease in the number of glands, goblet cells, smooth muscle, and elastic fibers?
Lobar bronchi
Which bronchus is wider, shorter, and runs more vertically, making it the likely affected side of aspiration and main stem intubation?
Right main bronchus
How many lobar bronchi supply the right lung?
3
What are the largest subdivisions of a lung, with pyramidal-shaped segments and their apices facing the lung root?
Bronchopulmonary segments
What is the main function of respiratory bronchioles?
Gas exchange
Where do the most distal branches of bronchial arteries anastomose with branches of the pulmonary arteries?
In the walls of the bronchioles and visceral pleura
What is the source of blood supply for terminal bronchioles?
Aorta
What happens when a substantial portion of bronchial venous blood (deoxygenated) enters the pulmonary veins (oxygenated)?
Decrease in pO2 of arterial blood
Which fibers provide a weak motor effect on airway diameter and produce vasoconstriction and inhibition of gland secretion?
Sympathetic (adrenergic) fibers
Which hormone, when released during 'flight or fight' circumstances, results in relaxation of airway smooth muscle?
Epinephrine (Epi)
Which cells secrete proteins including surfactant apoproteins A, B, and D and act as progenitors for ciliated epithelial cells to replace damaged cells?
Club cells
In the respiratory zone, each respiratory bronchiole gives rise to how many alveolar ducts?
2-11 alveolar ducts
Which type of alveolar cells are specialized for gas exchange and represent approximately 90% of the wall surface of the alveolus?
Type I Alveolar cells
Which cells produce surfactant and function as stem cells that can differentiate into Type I cells if Type I cells are lost?
Type II Alveolar cells
What produces surfactant to reduce surface tension in alveoli?
Type II Alveolar cells
Which type of fiber provides sensory and motor innervation to the smooth muscle and glands?
Parasympathetic (cholinergic) fibers
How many capillaries are approximate per alveolus?
1000
At approximately what age do Pores of Kohn become present?
3-4 years old
What do interbronchiolar channels allow for?
Communication between bronchioles and alveoli
Which component of the chest wall allows for the inferior movement of the lung root with inspiration?
Pulmonary ligament
What may cause the enlargement of Pores of Kohn?
Emphysema
What shape are alveoli, providing a larger surface area for efficient gas exchange?
Polygonal
How much contact is there between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries for diffusion?
50-100m2
What is one of the main functions of the conducting airways in the respiratory system?
Transport O2/CO2 to and from gas exchange airways
What is the primary role of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
Facilitate gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream
What opposes the collapse of alveoli due to compression?
Interdependence of alveolar arrangement and lung parenchyma
What is the main function of the mucus lining in the conducting airways?
Filtration of inhaled air and trapping particles
What is produced by cells known as pneumocytes in the lungs?
Surfactant
What is the primary function of vocal cords in the respiratory system?
Producing speech sounds
Test your knowledge of the innervation of the lungs and airways, including the role of pulmonary plexuses, parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, and the NANC system. Explore how the right and left plexuses follow the trachea and bronchial tree to provide sensory and motor innervation to the smooth muscle and glands.
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