35 Questions
What is the likely affected side of aspiration related to the anatomy of the main bronchi?
Right
What structures supply the lung lobes?
Lobar bronchi
What is the last portion of conducting airways with mucous glands or consistent cartilage known as?
Segmental bronchi
Where do bronchopulmonary segments derive their blood supply from?
Both pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries
Which veins drain the proximal part of the root of the lung?
Bronchial veins
What is the diameter of bronchioles typically?
~1 mm
Which of the following accurately describes the differences between left and right main bronchi?
The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus.
Where are respiratory bronchioles located?
Both conducting and respiratory zones
What is the significance of bronchopulmonary segments?
Each segment has its own air supply, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage, making it a functional and surgical unit.
What supplies intrapulmonary structures proximal to the terminal bronchioles and connective tissue septa?
Bronchial arteries
How does the venous drainage of bronchioles affect the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?
It decreases the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
Where does bronchial venous drainage occur?
Atypical Bronchial veins
What provides the motor and sensory innervation of the lungs?
Pulmonary plexuses
What do bronchopulmonary anastomoses occur between?
Bronchial capillaries and pulmonary capillaries
How does the smooth muscle of bronchi compare to that of bronchioles?
Bronchi have more smooth muscle than bronchioles.
Which cells affect respiratory airways and can release chemical mediators?
Club and mast cells
What is the structure of an acinus?
A unit consisting of terminal bronchioles and associated alveoli.
Which cells are found in an adult alveolus and what is their function?
Alveolar macrophages - phagocytosis of foreign particles
What are some characteristics of respiratory epithelium?
Non-ciliated with abundant goblet cells
What is the circulation of bronchi?
Receives blood from the pulmonary arteries and drains into the pulmonary veins
Which type of cells are specialized for gas exchange in the alveoli?
Type I epithelial cells
What structures give rise to clusters of alveoli that open into sacs in the respiratory zone?
Alveolar ducts
What do mast cells in the connective tissue of airways contain in their secretory granules?
Inflammatory mediators like histamine and proteoglycans
Which fibers provide weak motor effect on airway diameter but do produce vasoconstriction and inhibition of gland secretion?
Sympathetic (adrenergic)
What is the predominant balance to the excitatory cholinergic system in the neural control of airways?
Non-adrenergic/non-cholinergic (NANC) system
Which hormone signaling results in relaxation of airway smooth muscle during 'flight or fight' circumstances?
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (Epi/NE)
Which cells are replaced by Club cells in the terminal bronchioles?
Goblet cells
What is part of the lung supplied by a single 1st order respiratory bronchiole and all structures to and including the alveolar sac?
Acinus
What cells prevent leakage into the alveolar space through tight junctions?
Type I Alveolar cells
Which fibers may weakly bronchodilate in the airways?
Sympathetic fibers
Which of the following is responsible for the metabolism of surfactant in the alveoli?
Type II alveolar epithelial cells
What is the primary function of lamellar bodies in the alveoli?
Production of surfactant
What process converts the released lamellar body material into the phospholipid surface film in the alveoli?
Tubular myelin formation
What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
Prevention of alveolar collapse
Which cell type takes up surfactant through endocytosis in the alveoli?
Alveolar macrophages
Test your knowledge on the innervation of the airways, including the role of pulmonary plexuses, parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, and the NANC system in airway regulation.
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