BLOOD 3
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Questions and Answers

Where are granulocytes and monocytes formed?

  • In the spleen
  • In the lymph glands
  • In the thymus
  • In the bone marrow (correct)

    • Where are lymphocytes and plasma cells mainly produced?

  • Lymph glands (correct)
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus

    • Where are white blood cells stored until they are needed in the circulatory system?

  • Bone marrow (correct)
  • Thymus
  • Lymph glands
  • Spleen

    • What causes white blood cells to be released from the bone marrow when needed?

    <p>Various factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times more white blood cells are stored in the marrow than circulate in the entire blood under normal conditions?

    <p>About three times as many</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of white blood cells do neutrophils constitute?

    <p>(62%)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves the person's body developing antibodies or activated T cells in response to invasion of the body by a foreign antigen?

    <p>Active Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of vaccination that involves injecting tetanus toxin?

    <p>Active Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate prophylaxis after tetanus-prone injuries in patients not adequately vaccinated?

    <p>Tetanus Immunoglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do infusing antibodies, activated T cells, or both obtained from the blood of someone else or from some other animal that has been actively immunized against the antigen last in the body of the recipient for 2 to 3 weeks?

    <p>Passive Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani that produces a toxin causing painful muscle contractions?

    <p>Tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are signs of inflammation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is achieved through the formation of large numbers of activated T lymphocytes?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the complement system in antibody action?

    <p>Lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibodies in protecting the body against invading agents?

    <p>Direct attack on the invader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from processes directed towards specific disease organisms?

    <p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release chemicals known as lymphokines?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the innate immune system?

    <p>Block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure of the tolerance mechanism of acquired immunity?

    <p>Autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B lymphocyte clones lie latent before becoming exposed to a specific antigen?

    <p>Lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is achieved through the formation of large numbers of activated B lymphocytes?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of injecting a strong antigen into a fetus while the lymphocytes are being preprocessed in the thymus and bone marrow?

    <p>Prevention of clone development specific for the injected antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of activated T-helper cells in relation to B lymphocytes?

    <p>Release lymphokines to activate B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells in cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Destroy foreign agents with direct attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell takes longer to mature and acquire the full capacity of tissue macrophages for phagocytosis?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can phagocytize far more bacteria and larger particles than neutrophils?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells come to dominate the phagocytic cells of the inflamed area after several days to several weeks?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal ratio of cell production in the bone marrow directed towards white blood cells versus red blood cells?

    <p>75% towards white blood cells, 25% towards red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the circulation, the number of which type of blood cells is much more than the number of white blood cells?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed at the site of inflammation and consists of necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, dead macrophages, and tissue fluid?

    <p>Pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dead cells and necrotic tissue in the pus after the infection has been suppressed?

    <p>They become absorbed into the surrounding tissues and lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays an important role in initiating the development of antibodies?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for increased bone marrow production of new monocytes in response to an inflamed area?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lifespan of granulocytes after being released from the bone marrow?

    <p>4 to 8 hours in the blood and 4 to 5 days in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages destroy invading bacteria or viruses?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the shortened lifespan of granulocytes during serious tissue infection?

    <p>They proceed rapidly to the infected area, perform their functions, and are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of tissue macrophages as compared to blood monocytes?

    <p>They swell to larger sizes and become extremely capable of combating disease agents in the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells can move through the tissues by ameboid motion?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is opsonization in relation to phagocytosis?

    <p>Antibodies adhere to bacterial membranes making them especially susceptible to phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cells are often produced in large numbers in people with parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cells are formed only in the bone marrow?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lymphocytes and plasma cells mainly produced?

    <p>Lymph glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal ratio of stored white blood cells in the bone marrow to those circulating in the entire blood?

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure of the tolerance mechanism of acquired immunity?

    <p>Autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the complement system in antibody action?

    <p>Cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dead cells and necrotic tissue in the pus after the infection has been suppressed?

    <p>They are cleared by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of immunization by injection of antigens?

    <p>Vaccination with activated T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Human Tetanus Immunoglobulin (IgG)?

    <p>Provide immediate prophylaxis after tetanus-prone injuries in patients not adequately vaccinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

    <p>Coolness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure of the tolerance mechanism of acquired immunity?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tissue macrophages as compared to blood monocytes?

    <p>Phagocytize cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of neutrophil invasion of the inflamed area?

    <p>Rapid enlargement of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays an important role in initiating the development of antibodies?

    <p>Activated T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells come to dominate the phagocytic cells of the inflamed area after several days to several weeks?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of injecting a strong antigen into a fetus while the lymphocytes are being preprocessed in the thymus and bone marrow?

    <p>Increased production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of white blood cell takes longer to mature and acquire the full capacity of tissue macrophages for phagocytosis?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells can phagocytize far more bacteria and larger particles than neutrophils?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of tissue macrophages as compared to blood monocytes?

    <p>Increased lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate prophylaxis after tetanus-prone injuries in patients not adequately vaccinated?

    <p>Tetanus immune globulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B lymphocyte clones lie latent before becoming exposed to a specific antigen?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is opsonization in relation to phagocytosis?

    <p>Enhancing pathogen adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of white blood cells take longer to mature and acquire the full capacity of tissue macrophages for phagocytosis?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is achieved through the formation of large numbers of activated T lymphocytes?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from processes directed towards specific disease organisms?

    <p>Immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dead cells and necrotic tissue in the pus after the infection has been suppressed?

    <p>They are absorbed into the surrounding tissues and lymph over a period of days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is achieved through the formation of large numbers of activated B lymphocytes?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acquired immune response?

    <p>Eliminate invader pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays an important role in initiating the development of antibodies?

    <p>Activated T-helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B lymphocyte clones lie latent before becoming exposed to a specific antigen?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity involves the person's body developing antibodies or activated T cells in response to invasion of the body by a foreign antigen?

    <p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells in cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lifespan of granulocytes after being released from the bone marrow?

    <p>~4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lymphocytes and plasma cells mainly produced?

    <p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from processes directed towards specific disease organisms?

    <p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the dead cells and necrotic tissue in the pus after the infection has been suppressed?

    <p>Phagocytized by macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibodies in protecting the body against invading agents?

    <p>Direct attack on the invader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is opsonization in relation to phagocytosis?

    <p>Process that enhances phagocytosis by coating the antigen with antibody or complement protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the shortened lifespan of granulocytes during serious tissue infection?

    <p>Overutilization due to massive phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lifespan of granulocytes after being released from the bone marrow?

    <p>4 to 8 hours in the blood and 4 to 5 days in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of tissue macrophages as compared to blood monocytes?

    <p>Tissue macrophages are much more powerful phagocytes and can survive for longer periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells release chemicals known as lymphokines?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the complement system in antibody action?

    <p>Directly destroy invading pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is achieved through the formation of large numbers of activated T lymphocytes?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the shortened lifespan of granulocytes during serious tissue infection?

    <p>Rapid movement to infected areas and destruction during the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is opsonization in relation to phagocytosis?

    <p>The adherence of antibodies to bacterial membranes, making them susceptible to phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays an important role in initiating the development of antibodies?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do infusing antibodies, activated T cells, or both obtained from the blood of someone else or from some other animal that has been actively immunized against the antigen last in the body of the recipient for 2 to 3 weeks?

    <p>During passive immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for increased bone marrow production of new monocytes in response to an inflamed area?

    <p>Cytokines secreted during inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed at the site of inflammation and consists of necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, dead macrophages, and tissue fluid?

    <p>Pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves the person's body developing antibodies or activated T cells in response to invasion of the body by a foreign antigen?

    <p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocytes and monocytes are formed only in the bone marrow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White blood cells formed in the bone marrow are stored within the marrow until they are needed in the circulatory system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils constitute about 62% of white blood cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes and plasma cells are mainly produced in various lymphogenous tissues such as lymph glands, spleen, thymus, and tonsils.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About three times as many white blood cells are stored in the marrow as circulate in the entire blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes and plasma cells are mainly produced in the bone marrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The life span of granulocytes after being released from the bone marrow is normally 4 to 8 hours circulating in the blood and another 4 to 5 days in tissues where they are needed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In times of serious tissue infection, the total life span of granulocytes is often shortened to only a few hours because they proceed more rapidly to the infected area, perform their functions, and are themselves destroyed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes have a short transit time of 10 to 20 hours in the blood before they swell and become tissue macrophages, which can live for months.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils and macrophages can move through the tissues by ameboid motion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total combination of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes is called the reticuloendothelial system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are weak phagocytes and are often produced in large numbers in people with parasitic infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils express IgE antibody on the surface and release large quantities of intracellular granules upon antigen binding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes have life spans of weeks or months, depending on the body’s need for these cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are mature cells that can attack and destroy bacteria even in the circulating blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocyte/macrophages are much more powerful phagocytes compared to neutrophils.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes are mainly produced in various lymphogenous tissues and have life spans of weeks or months.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunity is the capability of the human body to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigen is a substance that can induce an immune response when introduced into an immunocompetent host.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immune response aims to prevent infection and eliminate invader pathogens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most antigens activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes at the same time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated helper T cells release chemicals known as lymphokines that activate the specific B lymphocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mature plasma cell produces gamma globulin antibodies at a slow rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moderate numbers of new B lymphocytes similar to those of the original clone are formed during the formation of memory cells in B-lymphocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies act mainly in two ways to protect the body against invading agents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complement system for antibody action has multiple means of its own for destroying the invader.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most tolerance develops during preprocessing of T lymphocytes in the thymus and of B lymphocytes in the bone marrow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Body becomes immunized against tissues in the joints and heart after exposure to a specific type of streptococcal toxin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Injecting a strong antigen into a fetus while the lymphocytes are being preprocessed prevents the development of clones of lymphocytes specific for the injected antigen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies attacking antigenic invaders play a major role in protecting the body against the invader.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunity involves the person’s own body developing antibodies or activated T cells in response to invasion of the body by a foreign antigen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetanus is caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani which produce a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Allergies occur when the body reacts to foreign substances, such as pollen, bee venom, or pet dander, but not to food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is characterized by vasodilation of local blood vessels and relaxation of smooth muscle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is characterized by the migration of large numbers of granulocytes and monocytes into the tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation involves increased permeability of the capillaries, allowing substances like bradykinin to enter the tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation leads to an acute increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood, a condition known as neutrophilia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation involves an acute phase reaction that leads to an increase in the number of monocytes in the blood within the first hour.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tissue macrophages are typically the first line of defense against infection, starting their phagocytic actions within minutes after inflammation begins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophil invasion of the inflamed area is a second line of defense, occurring within the first hour or so after inflammation begins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An acute increase in the number of monocytes in the blood, called monocytosis, occurs as an immediate reaction to inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first phase of wound healing involves thrombin cleavage of fibrinogen integrated with an acute inflammatory response to contain tissue damage and prevent microbial infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes are mature cells even after invading the inflamed tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages can phagocytize fewer bacteria and smaller particles than neutrophils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bone marrow normally directs 75% of cell production toward red blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs have a shorter half-life in the circulation compared to WBCs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pus consists of only tissue fluid at the site of inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased bone marrow production of new monocytes does not occur in response to an inflamed area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocytes and monocytes take 3 to 4 weeks to reach the stage of leaving the bone marrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of WBCs in circulation is much less than that of RBCs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pus gradually autolyzes over a period of hours after the infection has been suppressed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The half-life of WBCs is longer than that of RBCs in circulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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