Innate Immunity Quiz

<p>Movement of the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To filter lymph and activate lymphocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red are primary organs where cells develop, and blue are secondary organs where cells reside. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They all involve many protein cascades. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By having receptors that recognize signal molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organized into red pulp, white pulp, and follicles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To interact with signal molecules and transmit signals into the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry information from the cell surface to the inside of the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing gene expression in the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recognize evolutionarily conserved patterns of pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the cell membrane or in the endosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recognize pathogens and initiate a signal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotide oligomerization domain receptors (NLR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White blood cells (WBC), some lymphocytes, and some epithelial cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates that PRR specificity is inherited and conserved within an organism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential for the anti-fungal immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are unique molecules associated with pathogens that are recognized by the immune system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To recognize and bind to Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By recognizing the lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria and activating the immune system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are molecules released by damaged cells that activate the immune system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleiotropy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a higher affinity for the cytokine, requiring lower concentrations for activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They phosphorylate themselves and STAT proteins, initiating a signal transduction cascade. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dimerize, translocate into the nucleus, and regulate gene expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of cell motility, leading to chemotaxis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different cytokines evoke the same response in cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By turning off receptors for the cytokines they don't need. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptors can be monomeric, dimeric or multimeric. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell survival or programmed cell death (apoptosis). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The action of a cytokine on a cell stimulates the production of one or more additional cytokines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They function as chemical messengers, enabling communication between immune cells and target cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens.

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help to protect the body from infection.

Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs that are located throughout the body and filter lymph fluid.

The spleen is an organ that filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells, houses lymphocytes, and produces white blood cells.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize patterns on pathogens that are not present on host cells.

Intracellular signaling pathways are series of molecular events that occur inside cells in response to external stimuli, such as pathogen recognition.

Innate immunity responds to pathogens at the same speed every time because it is encoded in the genome.

Receptors that recognize signal molecules are involved in signal transduction pathways.

There is a wide variety of signal transduction pathways within the immune system.

Most signal transduction pathways involve multiple proteins, which interact in a cascade, amplifying the signal.

Proteins that bind to signaling molecules and initiate a cellular response.

Located on the cell surface, these receptors interact with extracellular signaling molecules and transmit signals inside the cell.

A series of molecular events triggered by a signaling molecule binding to a receptor, ultimately leading to a cellular response.

A group of receptors that recognize conserved patterns on pathogens or damage-associated molecules.

A family of PRRs that trigger immune responses upon recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).

A family of PRRs that are expressed at the cell surface and in endosomes.

A family of PRRs that are located in the cytoplasm.

A family of PRRs that are located in the nucleus.

Phagocytosis is a process where cells engulf and digest foreign particles.

The ability of an organism to recognize and resist infection by foreign pathogens.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are molecules found on pathogens that are recognized by the immune system. They are like flags that signal the presence of invaders.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are proteins found on immune cells that recognize and bind to PAMPs. They are like the 'eyes and ears' of the immune system.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a type of PRR that recognize a wide variety of PAMPs. They play a crucial role in initiating the immune response.

TLRs activate immune cells by signaling the presence of pathogens. This triggers the release of cytokines, which are chemical messengers involved in immune responses.

Phagocytosis is a process by which immune cells engulf and destroy pathogens. It's like eating the bad guys!

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules released from damaged cells. They are like 'SOS signals' that indicate tissue injury.

TLRs can also sense DAMPs, indicating tissue damage. This activates immune responses to repair the damaged tissue.

Cytokines are signaling molecules that allow cells of the immune system to communicate with each other. They are like 'chemical messengers' that coordinate the immune response.

Pleiotropy means that a single cytokine can have different effects on various target cells. It's like a multi-purpose message.

Redundancy in cytokines means that different cytokines can have similar effects on target cells. It's like having backup messengers.

Cascade induction is a process where the action of one cytokine on a cell leads to the production of additional cytokines. It's like a chain reaction of messages.

Receptors are proteins that bind to specific signaling molecules, like cytokines. They are like 'locks' on the cell that only fit certain 'keys'.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine involved in cell division and immune responses. It's like a 'growth signal' for immune cells.

The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a major pathway involved in cytokine signaling. It's like a chain reaction of events that leads to cellular responses.

Activation of cellular responses by cytokines can lead to changes in gene expression, protein expression, cell division, movement, differentiation, and survival. It's like a 'command center' for immune cells.