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Questions and Answers
Which cells are derived from blood monocytes and differentiate into macrophages in target tissues?
Which cells are derived from blood monocytes and differentiate into macrophages in target tissues?
- Natural killer cells
- T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
- Tissue macrophages (correct)
What distinguishes tissue macrophages from other immune cells in a blood count?
What distinguishes tissue macrophages from other immune cells in a blood count?
- They are highly mobile in the bloodstream.
- They are primarily involved in the adaptive immune response.
- They originate from B cells.
- They are not found in a full blood count. (correct)
What role do inflamed epithelial cells play in the immune response?
What role do inflamed epithelial cells play in the immune response?
- They produce antibodies.
- They differentiate into macrophages.
- They kill pathogens directly.
- They secrete cytokines. (correct)
In which phase do monocytes develop into macrophages?
In which phase do monocytes develop into macrophages?
What is the primary role of ferritin in the body?
What is the primary role of ferritin in the body?
Which of the following statements about macrophages is true?
Which of the following statements about macrophages is true?
What is neutrophil chemotaxis primarily involved in?
What is neutrophil chemotaxis primarily involved in?
During the process of phagocytosis, what do neutrophils primarily target?
During the process of phagocytosis, what do neutrophils primarily target?
In relation to iron storage, what is the function of ferritin?
In relation to iron storage, what is the function of ferritin?
What occurs during the clean-up operation initiated by neutrophils at an infection site?
What occurs during the clean-up operation initiated by neutrophils at an infection site?
What percentage of white blood cells do neutrophils typically make up?
What percentage of white blood cells do neutrophils typically make up?
What primary function do neutrophils serve in the immune response?
What primary function do neutrophils serve in the immune response?
Which type of immune cells specifically target multicellular parasites?
Which type of immune cells specifically target multicellular parasites?
Which characteristic is true for neutrophils?
Which characteristic is true for neutrophils?
How many neutrophils are typically present in a full blood count (cmm)?
How many neutrophils are typically present in a full blood count (cmm)?
What are DAMPs primarily associated with?
What are DAMPs primarily associated with?
Which receptors are involved in sensing DAMPs and PAMPs?
Which receptors are involved in sensing DAMPs and PAMPs?
What initiates the signaling events that promote inflammation after DAMPs are recognized?
What initiates the signaling events that promote inflammation after DAMPs are recognized?
What type of cells recognize necrotic cells as a form of DAMPs?
What type of cells recognize necrotic cells as a form of DAMPs?
What type of response do DAMPs primarily promote in the immune system?
What type of response do DAMPs primarily promote in the immune system?
What ions are responsible for the antimicrobial activity in household bleach?
What ions are responsible for the antimicrobial activity in household bleach?
Which of the following is commonly known to contain hypochlorous ions?
Which of the following is commonly known to contain hypochlorous ions?
What is the primary function of hypochlorous ions in household bleach?
What is the primary function of hypochlorous ions in household bleach?
Which of these substances does NOT contain hypochlorous ions?
Which of these substances does NOT contain hypochlorous ions?
Why are hypochlorous ions effective as an antimicrobial agent?
Why are hypochlorous ions effective as an antimicrobial agent?
What is the primary function of opsonization in the immune response?
What is the primary function of opsonization in the immune response?
Which statement accurately describes the process of opsonization?
Which statement accurately describes the process of opsonization?
What effect do serum proteins have on microorganisms during opsonization?
What effect do serum proteins have on microorganisms during opsonization?
Which of the following describes the outcome of effective opsonization?
Which of the following describes the outcome of effective opsonization?
Which component is NOT directly involved in the process of opsonization?
Which component is NOT directly involved in the process of opsonization?
Flashcards
Ferritin's function
Ferritin's function
Ferritin stores iron in the body.
Neutrophil function
Neutrophil function
Neutrophils migrate to infection sites to engulf pathogens and debris.
Chemotaxis in neutrophils
Chemotaxis in neutrophils
Neutrophils move towards infection sites.
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Neutrophil's role
Neutrophil's role
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Tissue Macrophages
Tissue Macrophages
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Monocytes Differentiation
Monocytes Differentiation
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Epithelial Cells and Cytokines
Epithelial Cells and Cytokines
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Tissue Cells
Tissue Cells
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Macrophage Source
Macrophage Source
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Neutrophils percentage
Neutrophils percentage
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Neutrophil function
Neutrophil function
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Neutrophil characteristic
Neutrophil characteristic
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Eosinophils' role
Eosinophils' role
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Eosinophils percentage
Eosinophils percentage
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DAMPs
DAMPs
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Opsonization
Opsonization
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Phagocytes
Phagocytes
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Serum Proteins
Serum Proteins
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NOD-like receptors
NOD-like receptors
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Phagocyte
Phagocyte
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Necrotic cell
Necrotic cell
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Microorganism Coating
Microorganism Coating
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Hypochlorous Ions
Hypochlorous Ions
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Bleach's Activity
Bleach's Activity
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Antimicrobial Action
Antimicrobial Action
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Household Bleach
Household Bleach
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Antimicrobial Properties
Antimicrobial Properties
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity Lecture Notes
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infections
- It is very fast, acting within 4 hours of infection
- Innate immunity is less efficient than adaptive immunity
- It doesn't have a memory response
Structure of the Immune System
- The immune system is a mobile, circulating system
- It contains fixed anatomical structures which are essential for its function
Primary Lymphoid Organs
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The bone marrow and thymus gland are primary lymphoid organs
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Bone Marrow: Forms immune cells during hematopoiesis
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Thymus Gland: Site of lymphocyte maturation (education), B cells mature in bone marrow, T cells mature in the thymus
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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Lymph nodes and spleen
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Lymph Nodes: Filter lymph, providing a site for antigen presentation to adaptive immune cells
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Spleen: A massive lymph node, another site for antigen presentation to mature lymphocytes
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Other organs including the liver also act as secondary organs
Cells of the Immune System (Innate)
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Granulocytes: Family of white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm
- Neutrophils: Most abundant WBCs (40-75%), first responders to infection, phagocytic, present antigens
- Eosinophils: 1-6% of WBCs, target multicellular parasites (worms), involved in allergic reactions
- Basophils: 0-1% of WBCs, involved in inflammation, parasitic infections, allergic reactions, bind IgE antibodies
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Monocytes/Macrophages: Large cells involved in phagocytosis and antigen presentation
- Monocytes: Circulate in blood, become macrophages in tissues
- Tissue Macrophages: Derived from monocytes, phagocytic ,clear pathogens, cellular debris and dead/old cells
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Lymphocytes (Agranulocytes): Small WBCs with large nuclei, no granules
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B cells: 10-15% of lymphocytes , responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, involved in humoral immunity, make antibodies, memory B cells
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T cells: 75% of lymphocytes (varies with immune response), express CD3 and T cell receptors (TCRs), recognize specific antigens
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Natural Killer (NK) cells: Larger, more primitive subtype, involved in both innate and adaptive immunity, destroy infected and cancerous cells.
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Phagocytosis
- Chemotaxis: The chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms/damaged tissue.
- Adherence: Attachment of phagocyte plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism (uses PAMPs, such as Toll like receptors).
- Ingestion: Phagocyte surrounds the microorganism with a phagosome
- Digestion: Phagosome merges with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome, lysosomal enzymes digest the pathogen.
Opsonization
- Coating a microorganism with molecules that are recognized by receptors on phagocytes helps them be more readily engulfed
- Opsonins include components of the compliment system and antibody molecules
Pathways of Antigen Processing
- Vesicular antigen processing pathway: Macrophage presents on MHC II for T helper cells
- Cytosolic antigen processing pathway: viral antigen presented on MHC I for cytotoxic T cells
Inflammatory Response
- The innate immune response localizes and contains infection. Inflammatory response occurs after infection.
- Vasodilation and increased blood flow (erythema and warmth).
- Increased vascular permeability (edema )
- Release of inflammatory mediators (eg. bradykinins and prostaglandins) which cause pain.
- Microvascular coagulation, preventing infection from spreading
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts of innate immunity and its components within the immune system. Explore the primary and secondary lymphoid organs, their functions, and how they contribute to the body's first line of defense against infections. Test your knowledge on critical terms and concepts related to the innate immune response.
