Pathophysiological Concept Chapter 6: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

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Questions and Answers

What is the first line of defense in the body's immune system?

Physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers (correct)

Cell-mediated immunity

Inflammation

Acquired immunity

Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?

Promote healing

Provide immediate acquired immunity (correct)

Protect the body from further injury

Prevent infection of injured tissue

What characterizes the second line of defense in the immune response?

Specific to certain pathogens

Acts only after acquired immunity has developed

Relies solely on antibodies

Non-specific biochemical and cellular mechanisms (correct)

Which statement best describes the role of normal flora?

They act as a physical barrier against pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following distinguishes acute inflammation from chronic inflammation?

Acute inflammation involves immediate vascular changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main trigger for activating the inflammatory response?

Exposure to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the body's innate defenses that are present at birth?

Natural immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of acquired immunity compared to innate immunity?

It is specific to particular pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a local manifestation of inflammation?

Swelling Signup and view all the answers

How does inflammation contribute to tissue healing?

By promoting the recruitment of immune cells to the site Signup and view all the answers

What role does the normal microbiome play in the immune system?

It helps in digestion and prevents pathogen colonization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of inflammation in the immune response?

Preventing further tissue damage and destroying pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component is primarily responsible for initiating inflammation?

Mast Cells Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the vasodilation phase of inflammation?

Blood flow to the injured site is increased. Signup and view all the answers

Which immune function does not occur due to inflammation?

Regeneration of nerve cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic sign of acute inflammation?

Redness and swelling at the injury site Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells connects both innate and acquired immune responses?

Dendritic Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune system?

To signal and control the activity of immune system cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a physical barrier in the first line of defense?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

What role do granulocytes play in the immune response?

They act at the site of injury. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of wound healing by secondary intention?

Involves significant tissue replacement Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets play in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Clot formation and growth factor release Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the remodeling and maturation phase of wound healing?

Scar remodelling and capillary disappearance Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a typical cause of dysfunctional wound healing?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes granulation tissue?

It is comprised of fibroblasts and collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication associated with dehiscence?

Infection at the site Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of impaired contraction in wound healing?

Excessive scar tissue formation Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consideration when evaluating wound healing in geriatric patients?

They have diminished cellular function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of scar tissue formed during the repair phase of wound healing?

Primarily collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely effect of excessive bleeding on wound healing?

Delayed wound healing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of monocytes in the immune response?

Engulf and dispose of damaged cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cells participate in both innate and acquired immune responses?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of phagocytosis?

Recognition and adherence to the target Signup and view all the answers

Which local manifestation is NOT associated with acute inflammation?

Increased energy levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exudate is characterized by a thick and clotted consistency?

Fibrinous exudate Signup and view all the answers

What systemic manifestation occurs due to the release of pyrogens?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

What typically indicates the presence of a bacterial infection in exudate?

Purulent exudate Signup and view all the answers

Which process characterizes chronic inflammation?

Long-lasting state of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of acute inflammation is characterized by a rise in the number of circulating white blood cells?

Leukocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the phagocytosis process?

Destruction of the target Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lines of Defence in the Body

First Line (Innate Immunity): Physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers present at birth, including the skin and mucous membranes.
Second Line (Inflammation): Activated for tissue damage response, aimed at protecting the body.
Third Line (Acquired Immunity): Slower, specific response targeting pathogens, involving memory for rapid future responses.

Inflammatory Process

Purpose: Protects from injury, prevents infection, promotes healing.
Activation: Involves rapid biochemical and cellular responses that are non-specific.
Signs: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, potential loss of function.

Cellular Components of Inflammation

Key Cells:
- Mast Cells: Activate inflammation.
- Dendritic Cells: Link innate and acquired immunity.
- Leukocytes: Include granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils), monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes.
Cytokines: Crucial for immune signaling and cell activation.

Phagocytosis Steps

Phagocytosis: Process by which cells engulf and destroy damaged cells/foreign materials.
Steps: Recognition, engulfment, phagosome formation, fusion with lysosomal granules, destruction of the target.

Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation

Acute Inflammation: Lasts 8-10 days, characterized by local manifestations including heat, swelling, redness, pain, and exudative fluids.
Chronic Inflammation: Persists for more than 2 weeks, often due to inadequate acute response, characterized by pus formation and incomplete healing.

Exudate Variants

Serous: Watery, clear; indicates early inflammation.
Fibrinous: Thick, clotted; indicates severe inflammation.
Purulent: Contains pus; signifies bacterial infection.
Hemorrhagic: Blood-filled; involves erythrocytes.

Wound Healing Phases

Phase I (Inflammatory): Begins immediately, involves coagulation, infiltration of healing cells.
Phase II (Proliferation): Starts 3-4 days post-injury, dominated by macrophage activity, fibroblast proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and epithelialization.
Phase III (Remodelling): Occurs weeks to years after injury, involves cellular differentiation and scar remodeling.

Dysfunctional Wound Healing

Causes: Ischemia, excessive bleeding, obesity, diabetes, infection, inadequate nutrients, smoking, and medication effects.
Dehiscence: Wound separation at the suture line, occurs 5-12 days post-surgery, requires prompt intervention.

Impaired Contraction

Contractures: Excessive scar tissue contraction can limit joint movement, necessitating surgery or therapy for restoration.

Pediatric and Geriatric Considerations

Newborns: Gain innate immunity from maternal sources; gut microbiome development is influenced by breast milk.
Geriatrics: Diminished immune function, increased risk for impaired healing due to chronic illnesses and medications.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the key concepts of innate immunity, particularly inflammation and wound healing as outlined in Chapter 6. Participants will explore the lines of defense, stages of inflammation, and the pathophysiology related to altered body defense mechanisms. Additionally, it covers acute vs. chronic inflammation and the role of inflammation in tissue repair.