38 Questions
What happens when a T cell recognizes antigen in the absence of co-stimulation?
The T cell becomes anergic
What is the function of IL-2 in T cell activation?
Promotes proliferation and differentiation of activated naive T cells
Which molecule does IL-2 bind to in an autocrine fashion?
IL-2R
What is the role of DAMPs and PAMPs in the expression of HLA-2 and costimulators on APCs?
Increase the expression of HLA-2 and costimulators
What is the advantage of synthesizing both IL-2 and the high-affinity IL-2R after CD28-CD80/86 binding?
Avoids apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2
When the dendritic cell arrives at the secondary lymphatic organ, it presents the phagocytosed antigen via its HLA-2 to a naïve Th cell. What happens if the TCR on the Th recognizes the antigen?
The Th cell becomes activated and secretes IL-2
What are the major Th1 polarizing cytokines that bind to receptors on the activated Th cells?
IL-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma
What is the function of the Th1 transcription factor Tbet?
It activates genes related to Th1 response
Which cytokines bind to their receptors on the Th cell, leading to activation/production of the Th1 transcription factor?
IL-12 and IL-18
What happens when PRRs are activated in dendritic cells?
Increased expression of HLA-2 and CD 80/86 on the dendritic cell
What is the role of IL-2 in lymphocyte activation?
Stimulates the growth and differentiation of T-lymphocytes
How do Treg cells differ from other types of Th cells?
Treg cells express the Foxp3 transcription factor
What is the mechanism of cross-regulation between Th cells?
Secretion of inhibitory cytokines by one Th cell to control another
Describe the process of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell activation.
Recognition of intracellular antigens presented by Class I MHC molecules
What is the common role of Th1, Th2, Th9 cells in relation to B-cells?
Causing formation of antibodies
What is the primary function of Follicular Th (Tfh) cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs)?
All of the above
What is the process known as when B-cells 'reshuffle' their antibodies and select those with very high affinity to reproduce in germinal centers?
Affinity maturation
What inhibits Tfh development and likely drives the naive Th to other types such as Th17 and Th1 cells?
IL-2 production
Which type of antibodies are produced during the first round of B-cell antibody production when experiencing an infection?
Low-affinity antibodies with many epitopes
What is the significance of Tfh cells in the context of B-cell function?
They enable affinity maturation during antibody production
Which of the following is the transcription factor for Tfh?
Bcl6
What type of cell secretes polarizing cytokines for Th1?
Dendritic cells
Which of the following Th cells combats intracellular pathogens and activates macrophages?
Th1
Which of the following Th cells can be polarized by IL-4?
Th2
Which of the following Th cells provide autoimmunity and combat extracellular pathogens?
Th17 and Th9
Th1 cells can sometimes stay in lymph nodes to continue activation of other T cells and B cells
True
Which of the following Th cells activates macrophages?
Th1
What is the site of activation and polarization for Th cells?
All of the above
Macrophages require 2 signals for activation: IFN-gamma and ________
CD40L OR cell contact
IL-4 and TGF-B can activate.....
Th9
Dendritic cells are the main secretor of polarizing cytokines in SLOs
True
Which of following Th cells comprise the "Type 1 response"?
Th1 and Th17
Which of the following are polarizing cytokines for Th17?
All of the above
Polarization type depends on the APC
True
Which of the following Th cells activates cytotoxic T cells?
Th1
Cytotoxic cells rely only on the signal of Th1 cells to get activated
False
CD40L plays a role in activating....
All of the above
Active effector cytotoxic T cells do not require co-stimulation
True
Test your knowledge about the innate immune response with questions about pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), dendritic cells, and their migration to lymph nodes. Explore the activation of PRRs by viral or intracellular bacterial infections.
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