Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the innate immune response?
What is the primary function of the innate immune response?
Which process is involved in eliminating pathogens as part of the innate immune response?
Which process is involved in eliminating pathogens as part of the innate immune response?
What is the role of cytokines and chemokines in the innate immune response?
What is the role of cytokines and chemokines in the innate immune response?
How does the innate immune system communicate with the adaptive immune system?
How does the innate immune system communicate with the adaptive immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pathway is responsible for presenting antigens from viruses or intracellular bacteria?
Which pathway is responsible for presenting antigens from viruses or intracellular bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which deficiency is associated with severe recurrent infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis?
Which deficiency is associated with severe recurrent infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which immune complex-mediated autoimmune disease is associated with deficiency in early components (eg C2 and C4)?
Which immune complex-mediated autoimmune disease is associated with deficiency in early components (eg C2 and C4)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which immune cell is responsible for antigen presentation in the MHC class II pathway?
Which immune cell is responsible for antigen presentation in the MHC class II pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cellular process is initiated by innate immune cell activation?
Which cellular process is initiated by innate immune cell activation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cells express MHC class I for antigen presentation?
Which type of cells express MHC class I for antigen presentation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which plasma proteins are involved in the innate immune response in the blood?
Which plasma proteins are involved in the innate immune response in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process involves the constant presentation of self-peptides, cancer antigens, or antigens derived from viruses or intracellular bacteria?
Which process involves the constant presentation of self-peptides, cancer antigens, or antigens derived from viruses or intracellular bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells are responsible for initiating phagocytosis and inflammation in the tissues?
Which cells are responsible for initiating phagocytosis and inflammation in the tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells are recruited from the blood to the site of infection as part of the innate immune response?
Which cells are recruited from the blood to the site of infection as part of the innate immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells travel from the site of infection to the lymph nodes for antigen presentation to T cells?
Which cells travel from the site of infection to the lymph nodes for antigen presentation to T cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells are involved in the presentation of pathogens, toxins, and fragments in the MHC class II pathway?
Which cells are involved in the presentation of pathogens, toxins, and fragments in the MHC class II pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process leads to the engulfment and killing of microorganisms by toxic substances like NO and ROS?
Which process leads to the engulfment and killing of microorganisms by toxic substances like NO and ROS?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) when defective?
What causes Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) when defective?
Signup and view all the answers
Which assay is used to diagnose Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Which assay is used to diagnose Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the key signs of inflammation?
What are the key signs of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What do innate immune cells recognize in microbes?
What do innate immune cells recognize in microbes?
Signup and view all the answers
What do innate immune cells express to recognize different pathogens?
What do innate immune cells express to recognize different pathogens?
Signup and view all the answers
What does inflammation respond to?
What does inflammation respond to?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the NADPH oxidase system produce to kill microorganisms?
What does the NADPH oxidase system produce to kill microorganisms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR) on innate immune cells?
What is the main function of Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR) on innate immune cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process that leads to the release of histamine and causes redness, swelling, heat, and pain?
What is the process that leads to the release of histamine and causes redness, swelling, heat, and pain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of innate immune cell activation?
What is the result of innate immune cell activation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of defects in the NADPH oxidase system?
What is the consequence of defects in the NADPH oxidase system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of IL-8 in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary role of IL-8 in the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for termination of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for termination of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of C5b binding to C6-C9 in the complement system?
What is the primary function of C5b binding to C6-C9 in the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a role of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is NOT a role of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of complement deficiencies?
What is the consequence of complement deficiencies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of C3a and C5a fragments in the complement system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of C3a and C5a fragments in the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of IL-1 and TNF in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of IL-1 and TNF in the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells are responsible for producing inflammatory mediators in the innate immune response?
Which cells are responsible for producing inflammatory mediators in the innate immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the three pathways that initiate the complement system?
What is the primary function of the three pathways that initiate the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary function of chemokines in the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a role of the complement system?
Which of the following is NOT a role of the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Innate Immune Cell Activation and Inflammation
- Tissue injury can cause inflammation, recognized by innate immune cells
- Microbes have molecular patterns recognized by innate immune cells, termed 'pathogen-associated molecular patterns' (PAMP)
- Innate immune cells express receptors to recognize different pathogens, called 'Pathogen Recognition Receptors' (PRR)
- Innate immune cell activation leads to phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation
- Phagocytosis engulfs and kills microorganisms by toxic substances like NO and ROS
- Defects in the NADPH oxidase system lead to Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
- CGD causes frequent and severe bacterial and fungal infections, diagnosed by the Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay
- Inflammation responds to infection/insult/injury, brings immune cells to fight it, localizes the infection, and increases production of protective proteins
- Key signs of inflammation include redness, swelling, heat, and pain
- Key stages of inflammation involve recognition via PRR, vasodilation, permeability, cell adhesion, and extravasation
- Activation of neutrophils and monocytes leads to phagocytosis, destruction of microbes, and release of more inflammatory mediators
- Extravasation involves the release of histamine and leads to redness, swelling, heat, and pain
Innate Immunity and the Complement System
- Innate immunity involves the release of cytokines (IL-1, TNF) and chemokine (IL-8) by macrophages upon microbe detection
- IL-1 and TNF cause endothelial cells to express selectin for rolling adhesion of leukocytes
- IL-8 on endothelial cells aids in leukocyte adhesion and leads to firm binding/arrest of rolling leukocytes
- Inflammatory mediators, such as vasodilators and permeabilisers, are produced by damaged epithelium, resident macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells
- Inflammatory cytokines and chemoattractants promote recruitment and sustained activation of immune cells
- Chemokines, like IL-8, are crucial in the inflammatory response for recruiting neutrophils to the infected region
- Termination of inflammation involves mechanisms like short half-life of neutrophils, macrophage character change, and lipid mediators
- Chronic inflammation of prolonged duration includes active inflammation, tissue injury, and healing simultaneously
- The complement system consists of plasma proteins that promote inflammation, opsonisation, phagocytosis, and microbe killing
- The complement system is initiated by three pathways and is a non-specific innate immune mechanism
- C3a and C5a fragments promote inflammation, act as chemoattractants, and enhance vasodilation and vascular permeability
- C3b is deposited on microbe surfaces, acts as an opsonin, and triggers phagocytosis; C5b binding to C6-C9 forms a membrane attack complex causing cell death and complement deficiencies are rare and linked with frequent bacterial infections
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge of innate immune cell activation, inflammation, and the complement system with this quiz. Explore the recognition of pathogens, key inflammatory mediators, stages of inflammation, and the role of the complement system in promoting inflammation and microbe killing.
