28 Questions
What is the function of innate host defences?
Act against any invading agent without previous exposure
Which type of defence is considered the body's first line of defence?
Innate (non-specific) defences
What are examples of innate host defences?
Skin, enzymes, phagocytes, inflammation
What distinguishes adaptive defences from innate defences?
They respond to specific antigens
Which type of leukocyte is characterized by granular cytoplasm and irregular lobed nuclei, and is important for inflammation and allergic reactions?
Basophils
Which bodily substance acts as a barrier against intestinal pathogens due to its very low pH?
Stomach acid
Which type of leukocyte increases during allergies and worm infections, and releases defensive chemicals against worms?
Eosinophils
What type of lymphocytes are very important for adaptive immunity?
B-Lymphocytes
Which type of cells change and mature into macrophages that destroy microbes and other larger particles?
Monocytes
Which type of leukocytes are the major phagocytic cells that protect the skin, blood, and mucous membranes from infections?
Neutrophils
What is the main function of natural killer (NK) cells?
Release cytotoxic substances for innate immunity
What bodily substance can flush microbes from the eyes and mouth?
Tears
How is adaptive (acquired) immunity defined?
The ability of the host to build a defence against a specific pathogen
What characterizes naturally acquired adaptive immunity?
Obtained by having a disease
What distinguishes active immunity?
Created when the person’s own immune system builds it
What represents artificially acquired adaptive immunity?
Obtained by receiving an antigen by injection
What is the main feature of innate immunity?
Immunity produced by the host against pathogens regardless of their type
What distinguishes passive immunity?
Obtained from outside the body, such as through immune serum
What is the main difference between naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired active immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity is produced through exposure to infectious agents, while artificially acquired active immunity is obtained through vaccination with inactive, weakened, or dead organisms.
What is the role of hapten in eliciting an immune response?
Hapten acts as an epitope on the surface of proteins, inducing an immune response.
What is the function of antibodies in the immune system?
Antibodies bind to specific epitopes on antigens, marking them for destruction by phagocytes or complement proteins.
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Transporting digested fats to the cardiovascular system and providing innate and adaptive defenses.
Which statement accurately describes antigens?
Most antigens are large proteins, with some being polysaccharides or glycoproteins, and each antigen has several antigenic determinants known as epitopes.
What characterizes artificially acquired passive immunity?
It involves introducing antivenin produced in another animal, such as horses or rabbits, into a patient.
What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?
Passive immunity involves ready-made antibodies introduced into the body, while active immunity is produced by the host's immune system.
What is the definition of an epitope?
The specific area on an antigen that binds to antibodies.
What type of leukocytes are characterized by granular cytoplasm and irregular lobed nuclei, and are important for inflammation and allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
What is a hapten and how does it interact with proteins?
Hapten is a small molecule that elicits an immune response when it binds to a large protein. It acts as an epitope on the surface of proteins. Hapten alone or the protein alone cannot induce an immune response. For example, penicillin acts as a hapten; it binds to body proteins and elicits allergy reactions which are immune responses.
Test your knowledge about the innate host defences, which are the body’s first line of defense against any invading agent. Learn about physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, as well as chemical barriers that protect the body from pathogens.
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