Module 2 Questions Part 4
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in innate immunity?

  • Release of histamine
  • Defense against parasitic infections
  • Antibody production
  • Recognition of self-antigens
  • Phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens (correct)

What happens to monocytes when they leave the bloodstream?

  • They become macrophages. (correct)
  • They release cytokines.
  • They secrete antibodies.
  • They transform into B cells.
  • They lyse infected cells.

Which leukocyte releases histamine and promotes inflammation?

  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils (correct)
  • Natural killer cells
  • Monocytes

What is the function of mast cells in immunity?

<p>Promote inflammation through chemical release (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell defends against parasitic infections and participates in allergic responses?

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do natural killer (NK) cells target?

<p>Tumor and virus-infected cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are most effective in the later stages of infection and tissue repair?

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers chemotaxis in leukocytes?

<p>Attraction to chemotactic factors from microbes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is the first to respond to infection?

<p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the engulfing and destruction of pathogens by neutrophils?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?

<p>Local inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pyrogens in the immune response?

<p>Promote fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes systemic from local inflammation?

<p>Presence of fever and widespread vascular permeability (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule acts as an antigen in the immune response?

<p>Proteins and polysaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of helper T cells?

<p>Promote B cell activation and antibody secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T cells?

<p>Promote tolerance to self-antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an epitope?

<p>A small region on an antigen recognized by the immune system (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of MHC molecule presents endogenous antigens?

<p>MHC Class I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity results from vaccination?

<p>Active artificial immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is the first to respond during the primary immune response?

<p>IgM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IgE antibodies?

<p>Mediate allergic responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the secondary immune response?

<p>Rapid antibody production due to memory cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of T cells are involved in lysing virus-infected cells?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity protects against intracellular antigens such as viruses?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is most critical for the proliferation of helper T cells?

<p>Interleukin-2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune process eliminates self-reactive lymphocytes?

<p>Negative selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of MHC Class II molecules?

<p>Present exogenous antigens to helper T cells (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type produces antibodies?

<p>Plasma cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is associated with clonal selection?

<p>Adaptive immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of opsonization in the immune response?

<p>Coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of clonal selection in adaptive immunity?

<p>Produce large numbers of antigen-specific lymphocytes (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity?

<p>IgG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a helper T cell is activated?

<p>It produces cytokines to activate other immune cells. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity involves receiving antibodies from another individual?

<p>Passive artificial immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigen is typically presented by MHC Class I molecules?

<p>Viral proteins synthesized inside a cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is required for cytotoxic T cells to destroy virus-infected cells?

<p>Activation by MHC Class I molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity is IgE primarily associated with?

<p>Type I (allergic reactions) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complement protein is involved in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

<p>C9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of IL-4 in adaptive immunity?

<p>Promote differentiation of B cells into plasma cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is faster and stronger due to memory cells?

<p>Secondary immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which B cells recognize antigens?

<p>Binding of antigens to surface immunoglobulin receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process eliminates lymphocytes that bind to self-antigens?

<p>Negative selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is provided by a rabies vaccine?

<p>Active artificial immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the constant region of an antibody?

<p>Activate complement and attach to immune cells (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity involves helper T cells activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune system cell is responsible for suppressing immune responses?

<p>Regulatory T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune disorder involves the immune system attacking its own cells?

<p>Autoimmune disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neutrophils' function

Neutrophils are white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis.

Monocytes' fate

When monocytes leave the bloodstream, they transform into the larger and longer-lived macrophages.

Basophils' role

Basophils release histamine, a chemical that triggers inflammation and helps attract other immune cells.

Mast cells' function

Mast cells release chemicals that promote inflammation, similar to basophils but located in tissues rather than blood.

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Eosinophils' targets

Eosinophils fight parasitic infections and are involved in allergic responses.

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NK cells' targets

Natural killer (NK) cells destroy abnormal cells, like tumor cells and virus-infected cells.

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Macrophages' roles

Macrophages are versatile cells that perform various functions in the immune system, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine release, and tissue repair.

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Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis is the movement of leukocytes towards a chemical signal, typically released by microbes, to reach the site of infection.

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First responder

Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at an infection site.

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Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is the process by which neutrophils engulf and destroy pathogens.

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Local inflammation

Local inflammation is the redness, heat, swelling, and pain that occurs in the area of infection.

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Pyrogens' role

Pyrogens are substances that cause fever by stimulating the hypothalamus.

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Systemic vs. local inflammation

Systemic inflammation is a widespread response characterized by fever and increased vascular permeability, while local inflammation is confined to the site of infection.

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Antigen

An antigen is a substance capable of triggering an immune response, typically proteins or polysaccharides.

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Helper T cells' function

Helper T cells activate B cells to produce antibodies and enhance the activity of other immune cells.

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Regulatory T cells' role

Regulatory T cells suppress the immune response to prevent autoimmune reactions and maintain tolerance to self-antigens.

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Epitope

An epitope is a small, specific region on an antigen that is recognized by the immune system.

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Macrophages: innate and adaptive

Macrophages participate in both innate and adaptive immunity by phagocytizing pathogens and presenting antigens to T cells.

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MHC Class I

MHC Class I molecules present endogenous antigens, like viral proteins, to cytotoxic T cells.

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Active artificial immunity

Active artificial immunity results from vaccination, where a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen is introduced, stimulating an immune response without causing disease.

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First antibody in primary response

IgM, a type of antibody, is the first to be produced during the primary immune response.

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IgE's function

IgE antibodies are involved in allergic reactions, triggering the release of histamine from mast cells.

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Secondary immune response

The secondary immune response is faster and stronger than the primary response due to the presence of memory cells.

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Cytotoxic T cells' role

Cytotoxic T cells destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

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Cell-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity protects against intracellular pathogens like viruses, involving cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.

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IL-2's role

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine critical for the proliferation of helper T cells.

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Negative selection

Negative selection eliminates lymphocytes that bind to self-antigens, preventing autoimmune disease.

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MHC Class II's function

MHC Class II molecules present exogenous antigens, like bacterial proteins, to helper T cells.

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Plasma cells and antibody production

Plasma cells are specialized B cells that produce and secrete antibodies.

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Clonal selection

Clonal selection is the process by which a single antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates into a clone of effector cells.

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Opsonization

Opsonization is the process of coating pathogens with antibodies or complement proteins to enhance phagocytosis.

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Clonal selection's main role

Clonal selection generates a large number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to mount a more effective immune response.

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IgG: placental crossing

IgG is the type of antibody that can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus.

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Helper T cell activation

When a helper T cell is activated, it releases cytokines to activate other immune cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.

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Passive artificial immunity

Passive artificial immunity involves receiving antibodies from another individual, providing temporary protection.

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Endogenous antigens and MHC Class I

MHC Class I molecules present endogenous antigens, like viral proteins synthesized inside a cell, to cytotoxic T cells.

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Cytotoxic T cell activation

Cytotoxic T cells are activated by MHC Class I molecules presenting viral proteins, enabling them to destroy infected cells.

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Type I hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are allergic responses mediated by IgE antibodies.

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Complement protein C9

Complement protein C9 is involved in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which lyses pathogens.

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IL-4's role in B cell differentiation

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, antibody-producing cells.

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Secondary immune response: faster and stronger

The secondary immune response is faster and stronger than the primary response due to the presence of memory cells.

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IgA's function: mucosal surfaces

IgA antibodies provide immunity at mucosal surfaces, like the respiratory and digestive tracts.

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B cell antigen recognition

B cells recognize antigens by binding them to their surface immunoglobulin receptors.

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Negative selection: eliminating self-reactive lymphocytes

Negative selection eliminates lymphocytes that bind to self-antigens, preventing autoimmune disease.

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Rabies vaccine: active artificial immunity

A rabies vaccine provides active artificial immunity by introducing a weakened or inactive form of the rabies virus, stimulating an immune response without causing disease.

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Antibody constant region's role

The constant region of an antibody determines its ability to activate complement and attach to immune cells.

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Cell-mediated immunity: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells

Cell-mediated immunity involves helper T cells activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to destroy infected cells and produce antibodies.

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Regulatory T cells: immune suppression

Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmune reactions and maintain tolerance to self-antigens.

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Autoimmune disease: attacking self-cells

An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, leading to tissue damage.

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Study Notes

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

  • Neutrophils are crucial in innate immunity, primarily for phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying pathogens).
  • Monocytes differentiate into macrophages when leaving the bloodstream. Macrophages play a critical role in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
  • Basophils release histamine, a key chemical mediator of inflammation.
  • Mast cells also release chemicals to promote inflammation, playing a similar role to basophils.
  • Eosinophils are involved in fighting parasitic infections and allergic responses.
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells target and destroy tumor cells and virus-infected cells.
  • Macrophages present antigens to T-cells, promoting adaptive immunity. They also promote tissue repair following infection/damage. This includes roles like producing cytokines and phagocytosis.
  • Chemotaxis in leukocytes is triggered by chemotactic factors from microbes, guiding them towards infection sites.
  • Neutrophils are the first responders to infections.
  • Phagocytosis is the process by which neutrophils engulf and destroy pathogens.
  • Local inflammation is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain, a localized immune response.
  • Systemic inflammation involves fever and widespread vascular permeability.
  • Pyrogens are substances that induce fever in response to infection. Their purpose is in promoting fever, a response associated with infection.
  • Antigens are typically proteins or polysaccharides that initiate an immune response.
  • Helper T cells activate other immune cells, like B cells (producing antibodies) and cytotoxic T cells. This is critical for adaptive immunity.
  • Regulatory T cells prevent the immune system from attacking itself (self-tolerance). This prevents autoimmune diseases.
  • Epitopes are specific regions on antigens that are recognized by the immune system. Antigens are large molecules, and epitopes are smaller patches on the antigens to help identify them by the immune system.

MHC Molecules and Immunity

  • MHC Class I molecules present endogenous antigens (like viral proteins) internally synthesized to cytotoxic T cells. This triggers the cell's destruction.
  • MHC Class II molecules present exogenous antigens to helper T cells. Exogenous antigens are found outside the cell. Essentially they process material coming from outside the infected cell before presentation to another cell.
  • Vaccination leads to active artificial immunity.
  • Immunoglobulins (antibodies) like IgM are the first to respond during a primary immune response, followed later by IgG.
  • IgE antibodies are crucial in allergic responses.
  • IgG is the most abundant antibody, and it can cross the placenta.
  • Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells, a role of adaptive immunity.
  • IL-4 helps in B-cell differentiation into plasma cells (antibody producers).
  • B cells recognize antigens via their surface immunoglobulin receptors.
  • Clonal selection is crucial for adaptive immunity, generating large numbers of antigen-specific lymphocytes and responding effectively to pathogens and their associated antigens.
  • Negative selection eliminates self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmune diseases.
  • Cell-mediated immunity involves helper T cells activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells.
  • Regulatory T cells suppress excessive immune responses.
  • Immunological tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own cells.
  • Adaptive immunity involves a slower but more specific response, leading to immunological memory of previously encountered pathogens and resulting in a more rapid and potent response upon subsequent encounter.
  • Passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from another individual or through the use of antibody-containing materials/products.

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Module 2 Questions Part 4 PDF

Description

Explore the essential components of innate and adaptive immunity in this quiz. Learn about various immune cells, their functions, and how they coordinate the body's defense against pathogens. Understand the roles of neutrophils, macrophages, and other leukocytes in immune responses.

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