Injury Mechanics and Assessment Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What factor does NOT influence the severity of an injury?

  • Magnitude of the forces applied
  • Direction of the forces applied
  • Duration of the forces applied
  • Color of the environment (correct)

How does the direction of the forces applied affect the severity of an injury?

  • It does not affect the injury at all
  • It only matters for minor injuries
  • It determines the location of the injury only
  • It influences the type of injury sustained (correct)

Which statement is true regarding the influence of magnitude of forces on injury severity?

  • Magnitude only matters for certain types of injuries
  • Higher magnitude forces always lead to more severe injuries (correct)
  • Lower magnitude forces can also cause severe injuries
  • Magnitude has no relation to injury severity

What primarily determines the degree of instability in a joint?

<p>The joint excursion allowed by an injured ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor will most likely lengthen the duration of the forces applied, affecting injury severity?

<p>Prolonged contact with a sharp object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of factors contributes to the overall severity of an injury?

<p>Magnitude, direction, and duration of the forces applied (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is instability assessed in terms of joint excursion?

<p>By comparing it to the excursion allowed by an injured ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a difference of less than 0.5 cm indicate regarding joint instability?

<p>The joint is stable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a difference in joint excursion of 0.5-1 cm?

<p>Mild instability is present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn if the difference in joint excursion is greater than 1 cm?

<p>Severe joint instability is likely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What injury is primarily discussed in the content?

<p>Cruciate ligament injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year is mentioned in relation to a record holder?

<p>2009 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the reference to 'the uninjured counterpart' suggest?

<p>Comparison to a healthy ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the sudden nature of the injury mentioned?

<p>Acute trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context, who are the primary victims referred to?

<p>Athletes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament in the knee joint is most commonly injured?

<p>ACL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the stability of the knee joint?

<p>Fitting of the articular surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of effusion treatment in knee issues?

<p>Draining excess synovia from the joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT directly contribute to the knee joint's stability?

<p>Size of the joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the quadri under cushion of the knee?

<p>To prevent joint effusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary mechanical functions of the ACL?

<p>Providing translational stability of the knee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides the posterior afferent innervation to the knee?

<p>Posterior articular nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of type III joint proprioceptors?

<p>Sense end range (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure isolates the ACL from synovial fluid?

<p>Synovial sheath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'proprioception' refer to in the context of the ACL?

<p>The ability to sense joint position and movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the ACL?

<p>3.8 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with changes in proprioception due to ACL deficiency?

<p>Joint inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the adaptation rate of type I joint proprioceptors?

<p>Slow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of ACL tears are attributed to noncontact injuries?

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a common mechanism leading to ACL injuries?

<p>Overstretching the ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the 'unhappy triad' in knee injuries?

<p>ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what incidence rate are ACL injuries observed in the population?

<p>29 to 38 per 100,000 people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is associated with balance on an unstable surface that may lead to ACL injury?

<p>Hip strategy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Magnitude of Injury

The extent or seriousness of an injury.

Direction of Force

The path or angle at which force is applied to the body.

Duration of Force

The length of time a force is applied to the body.

High Force, Short Duration

A strong force applied for a short time can cause a severe injury.

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Low Force, Long Duration

A less forceful force applied over a longer period can also lead to significant injury.

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Ligament Instability

The amount of movement allowed in a joint due to an injured ligament.

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Mild Instability

When the movement allowed in a joint due to an injured ligament is less than 0.5 cm.

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Moderate Instability

When the movement allowed in a joint due to an injured ligament is between 0.5 and 1 cm.

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Severe Instability

When the movement allowed in a joint due to an injured ligament is greater than 1 cm.

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Measuring Instability

The degree of instability in a joint is measured by comparing the movement allowed in the injured joint with the movement allowed in an uninjured joint.

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Cruciate Ligament

A strong band of tissue connecting the bones of the knee joint.

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Cruciate Ligament Injury

The cruciate ligament can be injured by a sudden twisting or forceful movement of the knee.

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Cruciate Ligament Injury - Athletes

This is a common injury in athletes, especially those who participate in activities that involve pivoting, jumping, and running.

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Cruciate Ligament Tear - Symptoms

When the cruciate ligament is torn, there can be swelling, pain, and instability in the knee.

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Cruciate Ligament Tear - Treatment

Treatment options for a cruciate ligament tear include surgery and rehabilitation.

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Joint effusion

Fluid buildup in the joint space, often caused by inflammation.

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Joint stability

The ability of a joint to resist displacement or movement.

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Congruency

Maintains the shape and alignment of the knee joint. Makes the knee a good fit for movement.

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ACL

The most commonly injured ligament in the knee, connecting the thighbone to the shinbone.

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Faradic Quadriceps

A form of treatment for knee effusion using low frequency electrical current to stimulate muscle contraction.

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ACL Injury

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured ligament in the knee, occurring frequently in sports and other activities.

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Non-Contact ACL Tear

Most ACL tears are caused by non-contact events, such as forceful muscle contractions, awkward landings, or sudden changes in direction.

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Unhappy Triad

The "Unhappy Triad" refers to a serious knee injury involving a tear of the ACL, MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament), and the meniscus (cartilage).

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Ankle Strategy (Balance)

The ankle strategy relies on muscles in the ankle and foot to stabilize the body on stable surfaces. This involves dorsiflexion (pointing toes up) and plantarflexion (pointing toes down).

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Hip Strategy (Balance)

The hip strategy involves using the hip muscles to control balance on unstable surfaces. This involves muscles contracting from the hip to the ankle, creating a strong foundation.

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What is the ACL and how does it function?

The ACL is a ligament in the knee that helps control its movement and stability. It is taut throughout the range of motion, meaning it is always slightly stretched and ready to resist forces.

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What is the neurophysiological function of the ACL?

The ACL receives sensory information from the knee joint, helping the body know where the joint is in space (position) and how it is moving (movement). These signals are essential for coordinating movements and maintaining balance.

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What are articular afferent nerves and how do they work?

The articular afferent nerves in the knee send sensory information to the brain about the position and movement of the joint. Different types of these nerves respond to different levels of stimulation and provide a wide range of information about the knee's condition.

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What are the mechanical functions of the ACL?

The ACL is a strong ligament that prevents the knee from moving too far forward, backward, or rotating. It ensures the knee moves smoothly and in a controlled manner.

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What are proprioceptors and what is their role?

Proprioceptors are specialized receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about the position and movement of body parts. They come in different types, each responding to different levels of stimulation and providing unique sensory information.

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How can an ACL injury affect proprioception?

When the ACL is injured, it can disrupt the sensory feedback from the knee joint, impacting the body's sense of position and movement. This can lead to changes in posture, muscle recruitment, and overall coordination.

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How are proprioceptors classified based on their sensitivity?

The type of proprioceptor is determined by its sensitivity to stimulation. Type I receptors respond to gentle movement and provide information about position, while Type II receptors respond to rapid movement and provide information about movement.

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How does an ACL injury affect posture and muscle control?

A damaged ACL can lead to changes in posture and impaired muscle control. This is because the sensory information from the knee is disrupted, affecting the coordination of movements.

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Study Notes

Ligamentous Injury

  • Ligamentous injuries, specifically sprains, are graded based on two factors: the number of disrupted fibers and subsequent joint instability.
  • The severity of the injury depends on the magnitude, direction, and duration of the applied forces.
  • Hemarthrosis (blood in the joint) takes 2 hours to appear (ACL+PCL), while effusion (increased synovial fluid) takes 1 day (MCL+LCL). Aspiration should be avoided with MCL+LCL due to irritation.

Sprains - Classification

  • Mild (1st degree): Some ligament fibers are torn, localized tenderness, and swelling at the injury site. No clinical or functional instability.
  • Moderate (2nd degree): Many, but not all fibers are torn. Clinical instability, no functional instability, diffuse swelling, and pain.
  • Severe (3rd degree): Complete ligament disruption, loss of both clinical and functional stability, no swelling, severe or no pain.

Joint Instability

  • Measured on a 0-3 scale, determined by comparing joint excursion with an injured ligament to its uninjured counterpart.
  • 0 Instability: No difference.
  • 1 Instability: Difference less than 0.5 cm
  • 2 Instability: Difference 0.5-1 cm.
  • 3 Instability: Difference greater than 1 cm

Anatomy of Knee Joint

  • Most injured ligaments: ACL, MCL, LCL, PCL
  • The cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL) and collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL) act as primary knee stabilizers.

ACL - Introduction

  • A significant portion of the ACL remains taut throughout the range of motion (ROM).
  • 70% of ACL tears are non-contact injuries, often caused by forceful quadriceps contractions, poor landing techniques, sudden deceleration, or changing direction.

ACL Injury Mechanisms

  • External rotation of the tibia with valgus stress
  • External rotation of the tibia with varus stress
  • Internal rotation of the tibia with valgus stress
  • Hyper-extension of the knee
  • Violent quadriceps contraction

Neuromuscular Factors

  • Female athletes have a greater incidence of ACL injury, possibly due to factors like less hip and knee flexion during landing, and a lower Q angle.

Signs and Symptoms

  • Signs of ACL injury include: popping sensation, hemarthrosis (joint swelling), giving way, and positive Lachman's test.

ACL Repair

  • A complete ACL tear frequently does not heal due to lack of embedding in a supportive tissue envelope.
  • Treatment options include operative (surgery) with high-demand patients, or non-operative methods for lower-demand patients.

Testing

  • Anterior Drawer Test
  • Lateral Pivot Shift
  • Lachman's Test

Non-operative Treatment

  • Hamstring set exercises
  • Quadriceps set exercises
  • Isometric quad exercises
  • Hamstring and quad co-contraction
  • SLR exercises
  • Hamstring curl exercises
  • Quad curl exercises (short arc)
  • CKC exercises
  • Dynamic joint control training
  • Functional training

ACL Reconstruction - Patellar Tendon

  • A surgical technique for ACL reconstruction using the patellar tendon.

Biology of ACL Healing

  • Inflammation and necrosis: Initial period after the injury.
  • Revascularization with fibroblasts (3 months): The restoration and growth of blood vessels, with the assistance of fibroblasts.
  • Remodeling (12-18 months): The fibrous tissue is replaced with bone.

Evidence-Based Practice

  • The presented text discusses the pyramid of evidence for evaluating research, comprising expert opinion, case reports, case series, cohort, case control studies, and meta-analysis, with meta-analysis being at the top .

General

  • National incidence of ACL injury is 29-38 cases per 100,000 people
  • Return to pre-injury sport levels in 33% (within 1 year), 30%(within 5-years), 37% never return.

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Related Documents

Ligamentous Injury PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the various factors that influence the severity of injuries and how joint instability is assessed. This quiz will cover the impact of forces, joint excursion measurements, and other key concepts in injury mechanics. Perfect for students studying sports science or physical therapy.

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