Injury Epidemiology: Understanding Injury Control

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of injury according to the definition?

Acute transfer of energy (correct)

Chronic exposure to radiant energy

Prolonged absence of heat

Sudden absence of oxygen

What type of injury results from a chain of sequential events?

Injury from acute transfer of energy

Unintentional injury (correct)

Intentional injury

Injury from sudden absence of heat or oxygen

What is an example of a thermal form of energy that can cause injury?

Explosion shock wave

Poisonous chemicals

Lightning strike

Air that is too hot or too cold (correct)

What is the term for injuries that are purposeful or deliberate?

Intentional injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an unintentional injury that can occur at home?

Burns from cooking mishaps Signup and view all the answers

Why are injuries of interest?

Because they are a major public health concern Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Public Health Model in injury control?

To reduce the incidence and prevalence of an injury Signup and view all the answers

In injury epidemiology, what type of risk factors are affected by personal characteristics such as age and sex?

Modifiable risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of identifying risk factors in the Public Health Model?

To intervene and reduce the risk of injury Signup and view all the answers

What type of study is used to examine the relationship between a risk factor and an injury outcome?

Case-control study Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of weighing the advantages and disadvantages of different interventions?

To determine the cost-effectiveness of an intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the Public Health Model of injury control?

Implementing a proven intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of William Haddon's model in understanding injury causation?

The interaction between human, environmental, and vehicular factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Epidemiological Triad as applied to injuries?

Vector – the vehicle itself Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of modifying risk factors in injury prevention?

To reduce the probability of injury-causing events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following models is NOT a risk factor model used in injury epidemiology?

Biological model Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the article by William Haddon that discusses advances in injury epidemiology?

Advances in the Epidemiology of Injuries as a Basis for Public Policy Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the conceptual framework for unintentional injuries developed by William Haddon?

The three phases of the crash sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the pre-injury phase in the Haddon Matrix framework?

Implementing primary prevention strategies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is classified under the 'Environment' category in the Haddon Matrix?

Road curvature and gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the interaction between multiple levels of influence that affect behaviour, as described in the ecological model for understanding violence?

Interplay Signup and view all the answers

In the Haddon Matrix, which phase is characterized by the deployment of airbags in vehicles?

Injury phase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a tertiary prevention strategy in the Haddon Matrix framework?

Effective medical services Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the framework that examines the complex interplay of individual, relationship, social, cultural, and environmental factors that contribute to violent behaviour?

Ecological model Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the first level of the model?

Biological and historical factors of an individual Signup and view all the answers

Which level of the model examines the context in which social relationships are embedded?

Community level Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a risk factor at the community level?

Existence of local drug trade Signup and view all the answers

Which level of the model influences whether violence is encouraged or inhibited?

Societal level Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a factor that can increase the risk of perpetration of violence and violent victimization?

Relationships with peers Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a societal factor that can contribute to violence?

Male dominance over women Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

What is Injury?

Injury: damage to a person's body caused by acute transfer of energy, or sudden absence of heat or oxygen
Forms of energy: mechanical, radiant, thermal, electrical, chemical
Domino theory of injury (HW Heinrich, 1950): injury is the natural culmination of a series of events or circumstances

Injury Classification

Unintentional injuries: not purposeful or deliberate, occur in home, workplace, public places, natural disasters
- Examples: burns, cuts, impact injuries, drowning, poisoning, insect and animal bites, electrical shock
Intentional (violent) injuries: purposeful or deliberate, involve victim and perpetrator
- Examples: suicide, homicide, assault, rape, child abuse

Injury Control

Monitor incidence: ongoing efforts to reduce or prevent injuries
Identify risk factors: population at risk, methods (rate calculations, cohort studies, case-control)
Evaluate intervention alternatives: research and examine interventions, weigh advantages and disadvantages
Implementing interventions: implement proven intervention, determine cost-effectiveness

Injury Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Probability of an injury: affected by hazardous activities, personal factors, equipment factors, environmental factors, temporal factors
Fixed and modifiable risk factors: fixed (e.g. age, sex), modifiable (e.g. alcohol consumption, level of education, equipment)
Predictors of injury risk: social, economic, educational, individual's household environment, employment status
Interaction of injury determinants: personal, environmental, equipment, and temporal factors affect likelihood of injury

Risk Factor Models

Epidemiologic model
Haddon model/matrix
Social-ecologic model
Safety promotion model

Advances in Injury Epidemiology

William Haddon Jr. (Father of injury epidemiology and control): engineer and public health physician
Reducing incidence and severity of accidents involves kinetic energy, environmental factors, human, and vehicular factors
Conceptual framework for unintentional injuries: Model by William Haddon, used for causation and prevention of injury
Epidemiological Triad: host, agent, environment

Haddon Matrix

Factors related to the likelihood of injury:
- Host: human beings and their behavior
- Agent: physical energy
- Environment: milieu in which human and vehicle interact
Phases of injury: pre-injury, injury, post-injury
Framework for injury control interventions: primary prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention

Conceptual Framework for Violent Injuries

Ecological model: individual, relationship, social, cultural, and environmental factors
Multiple levels of influence: individual, relationship, community, societal
Factors influencing behavior: biological, personal, social, cultural, and environmental factors

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of injury epidemiology, including the definition of injury, its control, and the application of injury risk factor models. Test your knowledge of injury forms and types.