Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of death for individuals between the ages of 1 and 44?
What is the primary cause of death for individuals between the ages of 1 and 44?
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- Cancer
- Unintentional traumatic injuries (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of fractures?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of fractures?
- Falls
- Car accidents
- Infections (correct)
- Athletic injuries
How are fractures classified?
How are fractures classified?
- By the type of bone involved and the severity of the break.
- By the severity of the break and the length of time it takes to heal.
- By the cause of the fracture and the location of the break.
- By whether they are complete or incomplete, and open or closed. (correct)
Which age group has the highest incidence of fractures?
Which age group has the highest incidence of fractures?
What is the projected number of hip fractures worldwide by 2040?
What is the projected number of hip fractures worldwide by 2040?
What is the most common type of injury to the knee?
What is the most common type of injury to the knee?
What is the medical term used to describe a torn tendon?
What is the medical term used to describe a torn tendon?
Which of the following can contribute to spontaneous tendon ruptures?
Which of the following can contribute to spontaneous tendon ruptures?
What is the primary function of ligaments?
What is the primary function of ligaments?
Which of the following injuries is most likely to occur in an automobile accident?
Which of the following injuries is most likely to occur in an automobile accident?
What type of injury is most commonly associated with hyperextension?
What type of injury is most commonly associated with hyperextension?
What is the mechanism of injury that typically causes a rupture of the Achilles tendon?
What is the mechanism of injury that typically causes a rupture of the Achilles tendon?
Which of the following is NOT a possible complication of a dislocation?
Which of the following is NOT a possible complication of a dislocation?
What is the primary risk factor for individuals with osteoporosis?
What is the primary risk factor for individuals with osteoporosis?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to bone quality?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to bone quality?
How does bone density relate to bone quality?
How does bone density relate to bone quality?
Which of the following factors is NOT specifically mentioned as a contributor to bone quality in the text?
Which of the following factors is NOT specifically mentioned as a contributor to bone quality in the text?
Why might men reach osteoporotic levels at an older age than women?
Why might men reach osteoporotic levels at an older age than women?
Which of the following is NOT a type of fracture commonly associated with pathologic bone weakening?
Which of the following is NOT a type of fracture commonly associated with pathologic bone weakening?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes fatigue fractures from insufficiency fractures?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes fatigue fractures from insufficiency fractures?
Which of the following is NOT a factor mentioned in the text as contributing to osteoporosis?
Which of the following is NOT a factor mentioned in the text as contributing to osteoporosis?
What is FRAX?
What is FRAX?
Which of the following is a common site for transchondral fractures?
Which of the following is a common site for transchondral fractures?
What is the USPSTF recommendation regarding osteoporosis screening?
What is the USPSTF recommendation regarding osteoporosis screening?
What is the main component involved in the initial formation of a callus during bone repair?
What is the main component involved in the initial formation of a callus during bone repair?
What is the primary reason for the development of unnatural alignment (deformity) after a fracture?
What is the primary reason for the development of unnatural alignment (deformity) after a fracture?
What is the unique characteristic of bone healing compared to other tissues?
What is the unique characteristic of bone healing compared to other tissues?
What stage of bone repair involves the formation of trabeculae along lines of stress?
What stage of bone repair involves the formation of trabeculae along lines of stress?
Which of the following conditions can lead to pathologic fractures due to weakened bone structure?
Which of the following conditions can lead to pathologic fractures due to weakened bone structure?
Which of the following cytokines increases both RANKL expression and OPG production?
Which of the following cytokines increases both RANKL expression and OPG production?
What is the primary role of OPG in bone homeostasis?
What is the primary role of OPG in bone homeostasis?
Which of the following factors DECREASES RANKL expression?
Which of the following factors DECREASES RANKL expression?
Which of the following pathways is NOT directly involved in osteoclast differentiation?
Which of the following pathways is NOT directly involved in osteoclast differentiation?
Which of the following hormones INCREASES RANKL expression?
Which of the following hormones INCREASES RANKL expression?
Which of the following is a key regulatory factor in the balance between bone formation and resorption?
Which of the following is a key regulatory factor in the balance between bone formation and resorption?
Which of the following cells is NOT involved in the regulation of bone homeostasis?
Which of the following cells is NOT involved in the regulation of bone homeostasis?
Which of the following describes a first degree muscle strain?
Which of the following describes a first degree muscle strain?
What is the role of mechanical strain in bone homeostasis?
What is the role of mechanical strain in bone homeostasis?
What is the most likely cause of a third-degree muscle strain?
What is the most likely cause of a third-degree muscle strain?
What is the primary treatment for a second-degree muscle strain?
What is the primary treatment for a second-degree muscle strain?
Which of the following is a potential late complication of localized muscle injury?
Which of the following is a potential late complication of localized muscle injury?
What is the likely underlying problem in the development of myositis ossificans?
What is the likely underlying problem in the development of myositis ossificans?
What is the main complication of rhabdomyolysis?
What is the main complication of rhabdomyolysis?
What is the difference between compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis?
What is the difference between compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of rhabdomyolysis?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of rhabdomyolysis?
Flashcards
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
A condition characterized by weakened bones and increased fracture risk, more common with age.
Fracture
Fracture
A break in the continuity of a bone, caused by excessive force exceeding its strength.
Incidence of fractures
Incidence of fractures
Frequency of fractures occurring among different populations, varying by age and gender.
Complete vs Incomplete fractures
Complete vs Incomplete fractures
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Open vs Closed fractures
Open vs Closed fractures
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Pathologic Fracture
Pathologic Fracture
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Stress Fracture
Stress Fracture
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Fatigue Fracture
Fatigue Fracture
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Insufficiency Fracture
Insufficiency Fracture
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Transchondral Fracture
Transchondral Fracture
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Repair Phase
Repair Phase
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Callus Formation
Callus Formation
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Bone Remodeling
Bone Remodeling
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First degree muscle strain
First degree muscle strain
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Second degree muscle strain
Second degree muscle strain
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Third degree muscle strain
Third degree muscle strain
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Treatment for first degree strains
Treatment for first degree strains
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Treatment for second degree strains
Treatment for second degree strains
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Myositis ossificans
Myositis ossificans
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Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis
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Hyperkalemia from rhabdomyolysis
Hyperkalemia from rhabdomyolysis
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Low Bone Density
Low Bone Density
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Osteoporotic Levels
Osteoporotic Levels
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Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX)
Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX)
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Bone Quality
Bone Quality
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Brittleness
Brittleness
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Gender Differences in Osteoporosis
Gender Differences in Osteoporosis
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USPSTF Recommendation
USPSTF Recommendation
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Hip Fractures
Hip Fractures
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Bone Homeostasis
Bone Homeostasis
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RANKL
RANKL
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OPG
OPG
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Factors Increasing RANKL
Factors Increasing RANKL
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Factors Decreasing RANKL
Factors Decreasing RANKL
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Immune System Role
Immune System Role
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Pathways in Osteoclastogenesis
Pathways in Osteoclastogenesis
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OPG Production Stimuli
OPG Production Stimuli
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Dislocation of interphalangeal joint
Dislocation of interphalangeal joint
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Ligament
Ligament
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Tendon
Tendon
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Knee dislocation
Knee dislocation
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Tendon strain
Tendon strain
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Ligament tear
Ligament tear
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Achilles tendon rupture
Achilles tendon rupture
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Common sites for tendon injuries
Common sites for tendon injuries
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Study Notes
Musculoskeletal Injuries
- The musculoskeletal system provides structure, support, stability, and movement to the body
- Injuries include fractures (traumatic and nontraumatic), dislocations, sprains, and strains
- Alterations can be caused by metabolic disorders, infections, inflammatory or noninflammatory diseases, or tumors
- Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease, and its incidence increases with age
Skeletal Trauma
- A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone caused by force exceeding its tensile or compressive strength
- Fracture incidence varies by bone, age, and gender
- Highest incidence in young males (15-24) and adults (65+)
- Rates of hip and wrist fractures higher in women
- Estimated 158 million hip fractures worldwide in 2015, expected to rise to 316 million by 2040
Fracture Types
- Complete fracture: Bone is broken into two pieces
- Incomplete fracture: Bone is damaged but remains in one piece
- Open fracture: Skin is broken at the fracture site
- Closed fracture: Skin is intact
- Linear fracture: Fracture line parallel to bone's long axis
- Oblique fracture: Slanted fracture across bone shaft
- Spiral fracture: Fracture line encircles the bone
- Transverse fracture: Fracture line perpendicular to bone's long axis
- Impacted fracture: One bone fragment wedged into another
- Pathologic fracture: Due to bone weakness (e.g., tumors, osteoporosis)
- Avulsion fracture: A fragment of bone connected to a ligament or tendon breaks off from the main bone
- Compression fracture: Bone is squeezed together on one side
- Displaced fracture: The fracture with one, both, or all bone fragments are out of normal alignment
Incomplete Fractures
- Greenstick fracture: Break in one cortex, inner surface intact
- Buckle (torus) fracture: Cortex buckles but does not break
- Bowing fracture: Bending of the bone
Pathophysiology of Fractures
- Disruption of periosteum and blood vessels around fracture
- Hematoma formation in marrow cavity, between bone ends, and beneath periosteum
- Necrosis of adjacent bone tissue
- Inflammatory response (vasodilation, exudation, leukocyte infiltration)
- Repair phase: Blood vessels and cells invade fracture area to create granulation tissue
- Callus formation: Osteoblasts synthesize collagen/matrix, mineralizes to form callus
- Remodeling Phase: Callus is resorbed, structural remodeling continues for months to years.
- Healing occurs in three overlapping phases: inflammation, repair, remodeling until complete bone restoration and normal stress tolerance.
Dislocations and Subluxations
- Dislocation: Temporary displacement of a bone from its position
- Subluxation: Partial loss of contact between joint surfaces
- Causes: Trauma, ligamentous laxity, disease, congenital issues.
- Common dislocated/subluxated joints: Shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, and knee
- Shoulder dislocation often occurs with indirect force resulting in external rotation.
Support Structure Trauma
- Tendons and ligaments connect bones at joints, providing support and facilitating/limiting movement
- Tethered, severed, or completely separated from bone
- Strains: Tears in tendons
- Commonly injured tendons: Hands, feet, knees, upper and lower arms, ankles, and heels
- Sprains: Tears in ligaments
- Commonly injured ligaments: Wrist, ankle, elbow, and knee
Muscle Injuries
- Stress related muscle and tendon injuries can cause inflammation and changes in the strength of the muscle(s).
- Contracture: Loss of joint flexibility caused by muscle shortening / inability to stretch
Metabolic Bone Diseases
- Osteoporosis: Low bone mineral density (BMD) resulting in structural integrity compromise and increased fracture risk.
- Type: Primary or idiopathic (most common) & secondary
- Causes for Secondary Osteoporosis: endocrine diseases, certain medications (heparin, corticosteroids, phenytoin), other substances (tobacco, alcohol), and other conditions (rheumatoid disease, HIV, malignancies, malabsorption syndromes, liver or kidney disease)
- Osteomalacia: Metabolic bone disease characterized by delayed or inadequate bone mineralization.
- Causes: Vitamin D deficiency, decreased endogenous production of vitamin D, intestinal malabsorption of vitamin D, renal tubular diseases.
- Paget's Disease of Bone (PDB): Excessive bone resorption and formation characterized by increased metabolic activity in bone.
- Possible causes: Genetic and environmental factors. Primarily affects axial skeleton , causing bone thickness/disorganization and/or stress fractures.
Infectious Bone Disease: Osteomyelitis
- Osteomyelitis: Bone infection (bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or viral), caused by exogenous or endogenous sources.
- Exogenous: Infection from outside the body (e.g., open fractures, penetrating wounds)
- Endogenous: Infection from inside the body (e.g., bloodstream from other infection sites.)
Bone Tumors
- Primary bone cancer: Rare, originating within bone tissue
- Types: Osteogenic, chondrogenic, collagenic, or myelogenic
- Most common: Osteosarcoma (osteogenic), Chondrosarcoma (chondrogenic), Fibrosarcoma (collagenic), and others.
- Symptoms often include pain, swelling, and/or abnormal bone formation.
- Aggressive tumors: Poor prognosis
- Benign tumors: Slow growth, typically do not spread
Muscle Membrane Abnormalities
- Myotonia: Delayed muscle relaxation
- Periodic Paralysis (PP): Intermittent muscle weakness
- Causes: Genetics affecting ion channels (sodium, calcium, or potassium)
Metabolic Muscle Disease
- Inherited metabolic disorders affect muscle metabolism
- Examples: McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease, type V), Acid maltase deficiency, Myoadenylate Deaminase Deficiency (MDD), lipid deficiencies
Inflammatory Muscle Diseases
- Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections cause myositis (muscle inflammation)
- Common forms: Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis, Inclusion-body Myositis
Muscle Tumors
- Rhabdomyosarcoma: Most common soft tissue sarcoma in children
Secondary Muscular Dysfunction
- Causes: Contractures, stress-related muscle tension, immobility
Other Musculoskeletal Conditions
- Fibromyalgia: Generalized chronic pain and tenderness
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Profound fatigue and other symptoms
- Acquired Muscle Disuse/Atrophy: Muscle wasting as a result of inactivity, illness, or injury
- Toxic Myopathies: Muscle diseases caused by environmental factors / chemical exposure
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Description
Test your knowledge on common injuries and fractures, including their causes, classifications, and statistics. This quiz covers everything from types of fractures to risk factors associated with bone health. Perfect for healthcare students and professionals alike!
