555 Questions
What is a characteristic of navicular stress fractures in runners?
Painful only with running or on toes
What is a common location of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
Anterior compartment
What is a significant factor in the treatment of stress fractures?
Offloading based on pain level
What is a typical feature of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
Gradually increasing pain with activity in a specific area
What is a consideration for surgical intervention in stress fractures?
All of the above
What is a challenge in diagnosing chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
There is no noninvasive measurement technique accepted as an equivalent alternative to direct pressure measurement
What is the primary goal of rehabilitation for an acute ankle sprain?
Decrease pain
What is the surgical treatment option for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)?
Fasciotomy
What is the return to sport/activity rate for athletes who undergo compartment release surgery for CECS?
70-80%
What is a common injury seen in sports medicine clinics?
Acute Ankle Sprain
What is a sport-specific consideration for injury prevention?
Type of running surface
What is a treatment option considered when all other non-surgical options have been exhausted?
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)
What is the primary focus of the study by Saxena et al. published in JFAS 2017?
Treatment of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome with Radial Soundwave Therapy in Elite Athletes
Which publication focuses on dynamic techniques for clinical assessment of the athlete?
Clin Podiatr Med Surg 32
What is the title of the publication by Velasco and Leggit in 2020?
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Clinical Update
What is the focus of the study by Saxena et al. published in FAI 2006?
Navicular Stress Fractures in Athletes
Which publication discusses compartment syndrome treatment?
UptoDate 2022
What is the topic of the publication by B Fullem in UptoDate 2022?
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
What percentage of athletes return to sport or activity after compartment release surgery for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)?
70-80%
What is a common characteristic of Acute Ankle Sprains?
Most commonly affect the lateral collateral ligament
What is a goal of rehabilitation for an injured athlete?
Improve gait pattern and closed kinetic chain motion
What is considered when determining the severity of an Acute Ankle Sprain?
Exam, pain to palpation, and instability
What is the primary goal of initial treatment for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?
Reducing pain and inflammation
What is a treatment option considered when all other non-surgical options have been exhausted?
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy
What is a factor that influences the healing rate of an injury in athletes?
All of the above
What is the recommended rate of mileage increase to minimize the risk of injury in novice runners?
10% per week
What is a key distinguishing feature between Stress Fractures and Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?
Pattern of pain (focal vs. diffuse)
What is the most common location of Stress Fractures in athletes?
Tibia
What is an important consideration in the rehabilitation protocol for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?
Gradual return to activity
What is a potential consequence of inadequately treating Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?
Complete fracture
What percentage of sports injuries seen in sports medicine specialty clinics are injuries to the foot and ankle?
25%
What is a common risk factor for developing Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) and Anterior Tibial Stress Syndrome (ATSS)?
Gastrosoleal tightness
What is a common symptom of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) and Anterior Tibial Stress Syndrome (ATSS)?
Pain initially while running, improving with time
What is a common factor contributing to running injuries?
Training on hard surfaces
What is a focus of rehabilitation programs for athletes with lower extremity injuries?
Returning to sport with a focus on prevention of future injuries
What is a common biomechanical factor contributing to running injuries?
External rotation of the hip
What is a common symptom of stress fractures in athletes?
Pain that improves with rest
What is the primary reason for obtaining x-rays in chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
To rule out other pathologies
What is a common characteristic of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) in athletes?
Relief of symptoms with rest
What is a key differentiating feature between medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and anterior tibial stress syndrome (ATSS)?
Location of pain
What is a consideration for surgical intervention in athletes with stress fractures?
Displaced navicular stress fractures
What is a characteristic of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
Gradually increasing pain with activity
What is a common risk factor for developing medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)?
Rapid increase in mileage
What is a treatment option for chronic compartment syndrome?
Compartment release surgery
What is the role of advanced imaging in the diagnosis of stress fractures?
Particularly useful in tarsal bones
Which of the following is a key diagnostic criterion for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome?
One-minute post-exercise pressure ≥ 30mmHg
What is a common location of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
Anterior compartment of the leg
What is the primary goal of initial treatment for Acute Ankle Sprains?
Decrease pain and inflammation
What is a common symptom of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)?
Dull ache
What is a focus of rehabilitation programs for athletes with lower extremity injuries?
All of the above
Which of the following is a factor that influences the healing rate of an injury in athletes?
Degree of injury and prior level of conditioning
What is the primary focus of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy?
Enhancing tissue regeneration
What is the return to sport/activity rate for athletes who undergo compartment release surgery for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)?
70-80%
Which of the following is a common injury seen in sports medicine clinics, affecting the lateral collateral ligaments?
Acute Ankle Sprain
What is a common consequence of inadequately treating chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
Impaired local tissue perfusion
Which of the following is a characteristic of anterior tibial stress syndrome (ATSS)?
Notoriously slow to heal
What is the primary reason for obtaining x-rays in chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
To rule out other pathology
What is a key differentiating feature between medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and anterior tibial stress syndrome (ATSS)?
Location of the pain
What is a common risk factor for developing medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and anterior tibial stress syndrome (ATSS)?
All of the above
What is the role of advanced imaging in the diagnosis of stress fractures?
Particularly useful in tarsal bones
What is one of the intracompartmental pressure criteria for diagnosing Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)?
One-minute post-exercise pressure ≥ 30mmHg
What percentage of athletes return to sport or activity after undergoing compartment release surgery for CECS?
70-80%
What is a common factor that influences the healing rate of an injury in athletes?
Age and prior level of conditioning
What is the primary goal of the initial treatment for Acute Ankle Sprains?
Reduce pain and inflammation
What is the primary mechanism underlying the development of chronic exertional compartment syndrome?
Abnormal biomechanics leading to increased pressure within the compartment
What is considered when determining the severity of an Acute Ankle Sprain?
Pain to palpation and instability
Which of the following is a common characteristic of anterior tibial stress syndrome?
Pain and tenderness localized to the anterior tibia
What is a treatment option considered when all other non-surgical options have been exhausted for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome?
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy
What is the primary goal of compartment release surgery for chronic exertional compartment syndrome?
To decompress the affected compartment and relieve pressure
Which of the following is a common risk factor for developing medial tibial stress syndrome?
Abnormal biomechanics and overpronation
What is the primary difference between chronic exertional compartment syndrome and dyskinesia?
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is characterized by pain and inflammation, while dyskinesia is characterized by abnormal movement patterns
What is the primary role of radial soundwave therapy in the treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome?
To reduce pain and inflammation in the affected area
What is the potential complication that can occur due to plantar fasciotomy surgery?
All of the above
What is the main consideration to prevent nerve damage during plantar fasciotomy surgery?
Incision placement along relaxed skin tension lines
What is the goal of managing biomechanical disturbances in patients with plantar fasciitis?
To adjust and accommodate structures with time
What is the recommended approach to address recalcitrant heel pain before considering surgical intervention?
Considering 'zebras' before proceeding with surgical intervention
What is the primary goal of managing complications in plantar fasciotomy patients?
To prevent long-term morbidity
What percentage of patients can be successfully managed with well-executed non-surgical care?
90%
What is a characteristic of Plantar Fasciotomy using EPF?
It provides great visualization
What is a complication that can arise from Plantar Fasciotomy?
All of the above
What is the primary goal of prevention in Plantar Fasciotomy?
To prevent nerve damage
What is the purpose of Microdebridement in Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)?
To destroy dystrophic and fibrotic tissue
How can complications be best addressed in Plantar Fasciotomy?
By preventing them in the first place
What is the primary goal of rehabilitation after Plantar Fasciotomy?
To promote healing
What is the primary mechanism of action of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy in treating chronic heel pain?
Stimulation of a healing cascade through the influx of growth factors and cytokines
What is the typical presentation of infracalcaneal bursitis?
Focal pain to the central and slightly posterior plantar heel
What is the most common systemic condition that can cause chronic heel pain?
All of the above
What is the primary indication for surgical intervention in chronic heel pain?
Failure of conservative therapies for at least 6 months
What is the most common complication of chronic heel pain?
Recurrence of symptoms
What is the primary goal of nonsurgical treatment for chronic heel pain?
To manage symptoms and prevent recurrence
What is the primary benefit of using Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy over corticosteroid injections?
No difference in outcomes
What is the primary mechanism of action of iontophoresis in treating chronic heel pain?
Enhanced delivery of topical medications through the skin
What is the primary indication for using Astym/Dry needling in treating chronic heel pain?
Failure of conservative therapies
What is a benefit of the Endoscopic Plantar Fasciotomy (EPF) procedure?
Great visualization
What is the goal of addressing complications in plantar fasciotomy?
To avoid them in the first place
What is the mechanism of action of Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)?
Uses focused radiofrequency energy to break molecular bonds
What is a common complication associated with plantar fasciotomy?
Nerve damage
What is the goal of immediate weightbearing after a small gauze bandage is applied?
To allow for immediate mobility
What is the reported patient satisfaction rate for Endoscopic Plantar Fasciotomy (EPF)?
60-80%
What is the primary focus of the surgical technique described in the 'Two-Portal Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release' article?
releasing the plantar fascia
What is the name of the procedure described in the 'Heel Surgery (Plantar Fascial Release)' PowerPoint presentation?
Plantar fascia release
According to the article 'Plantar Fasciitis: A Degenerative Process (Fasciosis) Without Inflammation', what is the underlying pathology of plantar fasciitis?
Degenerative process of the plantar fascia
What is the primary goal of patient education for individuals with plantar fasciitis?
To instruct on proper footwear and foot mechanics
What is the name of the systematic literature review that discusses the current standard of therapy for rupture of the plantar fascia?
Debus et al.
What is the term used to describe the release of the plantar fascia, as described in the 'Two-Portal Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release' article?
Fasciotomy
What is the primary goal of the neurolysis technique in plantar fasciotomy?
To evaluate the neurovascular bundle and release adhesions as needed
What is the name of the nerve that is released during the neurolysis technique in plantar fasciotomy?
Baxter's nerve
What is the purpose of identifying the fascial plane during the open technique of heel spur resection?
To avoid larger branches of the medial calcaneal nerve
What is the main difference between the open and percutaneous approaches of heel spur resection?
The type of incision used
What is the name of the operation described by DuVries in 1957?
Heel spur resection
What is the purpose of releasing the plantar fascia during heel spur resection?
To release the tension on the plantar fascia
What is a histological finding in heel spur resection samples, according to Lemont et al (2003)?
Inflammation is never present
What is the name of the condition also known as 'distal tarsal tunnel syndrome'?
Baxter's Neuritis
What is the term for partial or complete rupture of the plantar fascia?
Plantar fascia rupture
Which of the following is a condition often concomitant with tarsal tunnel syndrome?
Plantar fasciitis
What is a diagnostic tool used to help differentiate tarsal tunnel syndrome from other causes of plantar heel pain?
NCS/EMG
What is the primary underlying mechanism of plantar fasciitis?
Increased traction on the calcaneus during gait
What is the significance of the heel spur in plantar fasciitis?
It is a common finding in asymptomatic individuals
What is the primary difference between plantar fasciitis and plantar fasciosis?
Fasciitis is an inflammatory condition, while fasciosis is a degenerative condition
What is a common symptom of plantar fasciitis?
Post-static dyskinesia
What is a common differential diagnosis of plantar fasciitis?
All of the above
What is a crucial step in the open technique of heel spur resection?
Incision placement to avoid larger branches of medial calcaneal nerve
What is the primary goal of neurolysis in the context of heel spur treatment?
To relieve compression on the nerve and surrounding tissues
Which of the following approaches is NOT a common method for plantar fasciotomy?
Endoscopic fasciotomy
What is the primary indication for performing neurolysis in conjunction with plantar fascial release?
Clinical suspicion of nerve compression
What is the primary benefit of performing neurolysis in conjunction with plantar fascial release?
Increased satisfaction rates
Which of the following is a common complication of heel spur resection?
Nerve damage
What is the percentage of polydactyly cases that have a family member with the condition?
Around 30%
What is the term coined by Light and Ogden in 1981 to describe a type of metatarsal malformation?
Longitudinal Epiphyseal Bracket
What is the approximate incidence of polydactyly per 1000 live births?
1.7 per 1000
What is the name of the Greek concept that means 'short' and is related to brachy metatarsia?
Brachus
What is the name of the Greek concept that means 'finger' and is related to polydactyly?
Dactylus
What is the name of the Latin concept that means 'of the metatarsals' and is related to brachy metatarsia?
Metatarsia
What is the purpose of preoperative radiographic measurements in the treatment of BrachyMetatarsia?
To plan surgical lengthening
What is the main limitation of single-stage lengthening in the treatment of BrachyMetatarsia?
All of the above
What is the primary goal of surgical treatment of BrachyMetatarsia?
All of the above
What is the purpose of transverse osteotomy in single-stage lengthening?
To insert the bone graft
What is the postoperative care for single-stage lengthening?
Partial weight bearing in a heel-wedge shoe
What is the alternative to single-stage lengthening in the treatment of BrachyMetatarsia?
Callus distraction
What is the primary goal of surgical treatment for Polydactyly?
To remove the extra digit and rebalance the toe
What is the most common type of Polydactyly?
Postaxial
What is the radiographic characteristic of BrachyMetatarsia?
Reduced length of the metatarsal
What is the primary focus of postoperative care for Polydactyly surgery?
Monitoring for signs of digital or flap necrosis
What is the genetic association with Polydactyly?
Autosomal dominant
What is the clinical presentation of BrachyMetatarsia?
All of the above
What is the role of radiographs in the diagnosis of Polydactyly?
To plan surgical treatment
What is the surgical treatment option for BrachyMetatarsia?
Osteotomy
What is the embryonic developmental term that denotes the separation of cranial from caudal?
Axial
What is the primary goal of surgical preplanning for Polydactyly?
To preserve the N/V anatomy
What is the ideal daily lengthening of the metatarsal?
1mm
What is a disadvantage of the callus distraction method?
All of the above
What is the purpose of inserting the first pin percutaneously?
To hold the fixator in the desired position
What is the benefit of using a semicircular ring fixator?
Ability to correct angular deformity simultaneously
How long should the fixator be left on after the procedure?
Until union is confirmed
What percentage of cases of polydactyly involve the fifth toe or ray duplication?
80%+
What is the main goal of surgical preplanning for polydactyly?
To remove the most peripheral supernumerary digit
At what age should surgery for polydactyly be delayed until?
1 year
What is the term for the separation of cranial and caudal parts of the limb during embryonic development?
Axial
What is the focus of the treatment for asymptomatic cases of polydactyly?
Conservative management
What is the main goal of rebalancing the metatarsophalangeal joint capsule?
To prevent postoperative hallux varus
What is the incidence of brachymetatarsia?
3-5 per 1000 people
What is the most common location of brachymetatarsia?
The fourth ray
What is the typical feature of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?
All of the above
What is the primary focus of rehabilitation for an injured athlete with polydactyly?
To restore normal toe function
What is the approximate incidence of polydactyly per 1000 live births?
1.7
What is the term coined by Light and Ogden in 1981 to describe a metatarsal malformation?
Longitudinal Epiphyseal Bracket
What is the approximate percentage of individuals with polydactyly who have a family member with the condition?
30%
What is the primary reason for seeking medical attention in individuals with polydactyly?
Pain and difficulty fitting shoes
What is the name of the Greek word that means 'short' and is related to a type of polydactyly?
Brachus
What is the name of the famous author who had six-toed cats?
Ernest Hemingway
What is the primary purpose of the initial compression phase in callus distraction?
To promote bone healing
What is the recommended daily rate of lengthening in callus distraction?
0.25mm every 6 hours
What is the primary benefit of using a small incision in callus distraction?
Minimized dissection of the periosteum
What is the primary concern during the postoperative care phase in callus distraction?
Preventing overlengthening complications
What is the primary purpose of corticotomy in callus distraction?
To cut only the bone cortex
What is the primary goal of fixator placement in callus distraction?
To allow for initial compression and corticotomy
What is the most useful radiographic view for preoperative evaluation of brachymetatarsia?
Weight-bearing AP foot
What is the primary goal of surgical treatment for brachymetatarsia?
All of the above
What is a limitation of single-stage lengthening in brachymetatarsia treatment?
All of the above
What is the purpose of transverse osteotomy in single-stage lengthening?
To insert a bone graft block
What is a postoperative consideration in single-stage lengthening?
Monitor the toe for vascular interruption
What is an alternative to single-stage lengthening in brachymetatarsia treatment?
Callus-distraction
What is the term coined by Light and Ogden in 1981 to describe a metatarsal malformation?
Longitudinal Epiphyseal Bracket
What is the approximate incidence of polydactyly per 1000 live births?
1.7 per 1000
What is the percentage of people with polydactyly who have a family member with the condition?
30%
What is the term for the duplication of one or more digits?
Polydactyly
How many genetic conditions are recognized in association with polydactyly?
Over 97
What is the chief complaint of people with polydactyly?
All of the above
What is the optimal lengthening rate for metatarsal distraction osteogenesis?
1mm per day
What is a disadvantage of the callus distraction method?
It has a higher rate of complication
How is angular deformity correction addressed during metatarsal lengthening?
Using a semicircular ring fixator
What is the typical time to healing for metatarsal lengthening?
16-20 weeks
What is the ideal insertion angle for the first pin during metatarsal lengthening?
As shown in the illustration
What is the primary radiographic feature of polydactyly?
Duplication of the entire ray or segments thereof
In polydactyly, which vein is formed from the preaxial vein?
Greater saphenous vein
What is the primary goal of surgical preplanning in polydactyly?
Remove the most peripheral supernumerary digit
What is the typical feature of postaxial polydactyly?
Fifth toe or ray duplication
What is the primary reason for delaying surgery in polydactyly until at least 1 year of age?
To reduce complications from anesthesia
What is the primary focus of postoperative care in polydactyly?
Monitoring for signs of digital or flap necrosis
What is the primary characteristic of brachymetatarsia?
Reduced length of the metatarsal
What is the primary goal of single-stage lengthening in brachymetatarsia treatment?
To establish cosmetically acceptable appearance
What is the primary reason for using radiographs in brachymetatarsia evaluation?
To evaluate the deformity and plan treatment
What is the limitation of bone graft size in single-stage lengthening?
Not more than 15mm
What is the primary goal of treatment in brachymetatarsia?
To relieve pain and pressure on the short toe
What is the purpose of transverse osteotomy in single-stage lengthening?
To insert the bone graft block
What is the advantage of single-stage lengthening compared to callus distraction?
Faster time to healing
What is the primary reason for using a 0.62 K-wire in preaxial polydactyly excision?
To retain the acceptable position of the toe
What is the purpose of postoperative monitoring in single-stage lengthening?
To monitor for vascular interruption
What is the purpose of applying a mini-rail external fixator in callus distraction?
To apply tension to the metatarsal
What is the primary consideration for the placement of the fixator in callus distraction?
Fitting on the metatarsal with all four pins
What is the purpose of corticotomy in callus distraction?
Cutting only the bone cortex
What is the daily lengthening goal in callus distraction?
0.25mm every 6 hours
What is a complication of overlengthening in callus distraction?
Both of the above
How often should the patient do daily pin care in callus distraction?
Daily
What is the reason for strict instructions on fixator use in callus distraction?
To prevent overlengthening
What is a characteristic of the Achilles tendon insertion?
Attaches to the middle third of the posterior calcaneus
What is thought to be a contributing factor to the development of insertional Achilles tendinopathy?
Mechanical overload
What is the rotation of the Achilles tendon before its insertion?
90 degrees
What lies between the Achilles tendon and the calcaneus?
The retrocalcaneal bursa
What is a characteristic of the three muscles that make up the Achilles tendon?
Each muscle has an individual aponeurosis
What is a common association with insertional Achilles tendinopathy?
Equinus
What is the primary location of pain in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy?
Posterior heel
What is the purpose of the Silfverskiold exam in the evaluation of insertional Achilles tendinopathy?
To evaluate for equinus
What is the significance of Kager's triangle in radiographic evaluation of the Achilles tendon?
It is a normal radiographic finding
What is the primary advantage of using ultrasound in the evaluation of insertional Achilles tendinopathy?
It is a more cost-effective option than MRI
What is the purpose of the standing exam in radiographic evaluation of the Achilles tendon?
To evaluate the rearfoot/leg relationship
What is the significance of Haglund's deformity in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy?
It is a coexisting condition that can contribute to pain and osseous prominence
What is the primary goal of conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?
To address biomechanical abnormalities
What is the primary indication for surgical debridement of the Achilles tendon?
Degenerative changes in the tendon
What is the benefit of oral steroids in the treatment of insertional Achilles tendinosis?
They provide symptomatic relief
What is the role of posterior muscle column stretching in the treatment of insertional Achilles tendinosis?
It is especially useful in patients with coexisting equinus
What is the primary advantage of using suture anchors in surgical detachment with reattachment of the Achilles tendon?
They provide a more stable fixation
What is the primary postoperative requirement after surgical management of insertional Achilles tendon pathology?
Protected weightbearing
What is the normal range of the Fowler Philip angle?
44° to 69°
What is an advantage of ultrasonography in evaluating Achilles tendon pathology?
Dynamic evaluation and comparison to the contralateral limb
What is the characteristic of a normal Achilles tendon on MRI?
Low intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images
What is the role of parallel pitch lines in diagnosing Achilles tendon pathology?
To identify spurring within tendinous structures or calcaneal prominence
What is a limitation of ultrasonography in evaluating Achilles tendon pathology?
Operator dependence
What is the role of multiplanar imaging in MRI evaluation of Achilles tendon pathology?
To evaluate the Achilles tendon in the sagittal and axial planes
What is a characteristic of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
Pain with squeeze between Achilles tendon and posterior calcaneus
What is the treatment for Haglund's Deformity?
Surgical excision of the bursa through a posterior incision
What is a symptom of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
Swelling at the level of the bursa
What is the nature of Haglund's Deformity?
A bone spur on the superior aspect of the calcaneus
What is a key feature of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
Pain with squeeze between Achilles tendon and posterior calcaneus
What is the goal of treatment for Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
To reduce pain and inflammation in the bursa
What is the typical location of the osseous prominence in Haglund's Deformity?
Superior lateral aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity
What is the primary goal of conservative treatment for Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
To reduce inflammation and pain
What is the recommended post-operative management for surgical treatment of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
Weight-bearing as tolerated
What is the indication for surgical excision of the bursa in Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
Failed conservative treatment
What is the primary goal of physical therapy in the treatment of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
To reduce pain and inflammation
What is the role of heel lifts in the conservative treatment of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?
To reduce pressure on the bursa
What is a significant advantage of ultrasonography in evaluating insertional Achilles tendon pathology?
Dynamic evaluation and accessibility
What is a characteristic of a normal Achilles tendon on MRI imaging?
Low intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images
What is a common observation on radiographs in patients with Haglund's deformity?
Fowler-Philip angle of 75° or more
What is a limitation of ultrasonography in evaluating insertional Achilles tendon pathology?
Operator-dependent
What is a common application of parallel pitch lines on radiographs?
Pathologic spur formation
What is the primary purpose of using heel lifts in conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?
To address biomechanical abnormalities
What is a benefit of MRI in evaluating insertional Achilles tendon pathology?
Helpful in evaluating inflammatory changes at the tendinous insertion site
What is the primary goal of surgical debridement of the posterior osteophyte/spurring in surgical management of insertional Achilles tendon pathology?
To relieve pressure on the retrocalcaneal bursa
What is the primary benefit of using orthotics in conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?
To address biomechanical abnormalities
What is the primary purpose of eccentric training in conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?
To strengthen the calf muscles
What is the primary benefit of using dry needling in conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?
To relieve pain and tension in the affected area
What is the primary advantage of surgical detachment with reattachment of the tendon in surgical management of insertional Achilles tendon pathology?
It utilizes suture anchors commonly
What type of defect in Achilles tendon rupture is classified as Type III according to the Kuwada classification?
Defect 3-6 cm
What is the primary purpose of the Gastrocnemius recession in Achilles tendon repair?
To provide adequate length for direct repair
What is the name of the technique used to move the flexor hallucis longus tendon to the dorsal aspect of the calcaneus in tendon transfer?
In-phase transfer
What is the recommended surgical management for Type IV Achilles tendon ruptures according to the Kuwada classification?
Gastrocnemius recession with end-to-end anastomosis and graft
What is the name of the technique used to perform an end-to-end anastomosis in open Achilles tendon repairs?
Bunnell technique
What is the primary goal of the surgical management of Achilles tendon ruptures?
To restore the anatomical integrity of the tendon
Achilles tendon ruptures commonly occur in which decade of life?
3rd-5th decades
What is a common mechanism of injury for Achilles tendon ruptures?
Sudden, violent dorsiflexion on a plantarflexed foot
What is a typical finding on physical examination of an Achilles tendon rupture?
Palpable gap and 'hatchet strike defect'
What is a potential surgical option for Achilles tendon ruptures with significant pathological tissue?
Tendon transfer
What is the primary goal of conservative management for Achilles tendon ruptures?
Immobilization for 6-8 weeks
What is a potential complication of conservative management for Achilles tendon ruptures?
Re-rupture
What is the characteristic of mid-substance tendinosis on MRI?
Fusiform shape of tendon with tendon thickening
What is the primary goal of conservative therapy for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?
To address biomechanical abnormalities
What is an indication of complete tear on MRI?
Full discontinuity of fibers on T2-weighted images
What is the primary focus of Alfredson Protocol for non-insertional tendinopathy?
Eccentric training
What is the surgical management option for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?
Debulking of tendon
What is the most effective physical therapy for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?
Eccentric training
What is the characteristic of Achilles Tendon MRI in Mid-substance tendinosis?
Fusiform shape of tendon and tendon thickening
What is the indication of Complete tear in Achilles Tendon MRI?
Full discontinuity of fibers and high-signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging
What is the most effective treatment for Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinosis?
Eccentric training and Orthotics
What is the surgical treatment option for Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinosis?
Debulking of the tendon
What is a key component of the Alfredson Protocol for Non-Insertional Tendinopathy?
Eccentric training with knee extended and flexed
What is a common risk factor for developing Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinosis?
Biomechanical abnormalities
What is a common association with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy?
Equinus deformity
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Achilles tendon rupture?
Previous ankle sprain
What is a key consideration in the surgical management of Achilles tendon rupture?
The timing of surgery depends on various factors
What is a benefit of eccentric training in the management of Achilles tendinopathy?
It promotes tendon remodeling
What is a common presentation of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy?
Pain that does not move with active range of motion
What is a risk factor for developing Achilles tendinopathy?
All of the above
What is the type of Achilles tendon rupture that requires gastrocnemius recession?
Type IV
What is the goal of V-Y lengthening in Achilles tendon repair?
To provide adequate length for direct repair
What is the primary indication for tendon transfer in Achilles tendon repair?
Large defect size
What is the Kuwada classification type for Achilles tendon defects between 3-6 cm?
Type III
What is the surgical technique used for end-to-end anastomosis in Achilles tendon repair?
Bunnell intra-tendinous repair
What is the FHL tendon commonly used for in Achilles tendon repair?
Tendon transfer
What is a characteristic of Achilles Paratenonitis?
Pain does not move with active range of motion
What is the primary advantage of ultrasound in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?
Its dynamic evaluation capabilities and ease of accessibility
What is a common etiology of Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy?
Poor athletic form and/or overuse
What is the primary purpose of radiographs in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?
To visualize the Achilles tendon's defined margins
What is the primary function of the Achilles tendon during the stance phase?
To act as a stabilizer and play a significant role in balance
What is the primary goal of the Silfverskiold exam in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?
To assess the degree of equinus
Which nerve provides innervation to the Achilles tendon?
Sural nerve
What is a result of weakness in posterior muscle groups?
Compensation from flexor muscles, leading to foot and digital deformities
What is the average distance from the insertion site of the Achilles tendon where the tendon blood supply is avascular?
2-6 cm
What is the primary benefit of the Thompson squeeze test in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?
To assess the integrity of the Achilles tendon
What is a characteristic of Equinus?
It leads to supination compensation, resulting in multiple foot pathologies
What is the anatomical structure that the Achilles tendon attaches to?
Middle third of the posterior calcaneus
What is a common association of Achilles Tendon Pathology?
Over pronation and supination
What is the primary purpose of the gait exam in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?
To assess the patient's gait pattern
What is the primary limitation of ultrasound in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?
Its operator dependency
What is a result of Achilles Tendinopathy?
Degeneration of the Achilles tendon fibers
Which muscle has a more medial attachment to the Achilles tendon?
Soleus muscle
What is the direction of rotation of the Achilles tendon before it inserts onto the calcaneus?
90 degrees medial
What is the characteristic of a normal Achilles tendon on MRI?
Hypo-intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images
What is a characteristic of mid-substance tendinosis on MRI?
Fusiform shape of tendon with tendon thickening
What is the primary goal of conservative therapy for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?
To reduce pain and inflammation
What is the purpose of heel lifts in the treatment of non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?
To correct biomechanical abnormalities
What is the focus of the Alfredson Protocol for non-insertional tendinopathy?
Eccentric training for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis
What is the surgical management option for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?
Debulking of the tendon
What is the most common location of Achilles tendon ruptures?
2-6 cm from insertion
What is the primary objective of the modified conservative management protocol for Achilles tendon ruptures?
To improve dorsiflexion and earlier return to activity
Which of the following is a risk factor for Achilles tendon ruptures?
Gout
What is the typical mechanism of injury for Achilles tendon ruptures?
Sudden, violent dorsiflexion on a plantarflexed foot
What is the significance of the Thompson test in the diagnosis of Achilles tendon ruptures?
It is used to assess the lack of plantarflexion with calf squeeze
What is the potential consequence of removing a significant amount of pathological tissue during Achilles tendon repair?
May need tendon transfer
What is the characteristic presentation of Metatarsus Adductovarus in clinical examination?
Forefoot adduction-concave lateral border
What is the typical range of internal rotation of the hip in cases of Femoral anteversion?
70-80°
What is the classification system used to categorize the severity of Metatarsus Adductus?
Bleck Classification
What is the characteristic feature of Tibial torsion in clinical examination?
Internal rotation of the foot-thigh angle > 10°
What is the name of the condition where the metatarsals are adducted and the rearfoot is in a varus position?
Cavoadductovarus
What is the method used to assess the relationship between the rearfoot and forefoot in clinical examination?
ARM Method
What is a characteristic of Metatarsus Adductovarus?
Adductive metatarsals with frontal plane varus component
What is a characteristic of Metatarsus Primus Adductus?
First ray adductus with IM angle of greater than 15°
What is a characteristic of Complex Metatarsus Adductus?
Presents with valgus deformity of the rear foot
What is a characteristic of Talipes Equinovarus?
Equinus is a key factor in differentiating versus Metatarsus Adductus
What is the difference between Skewfoot and Complex Skewfoot?
Skewfoot has a normal hindfoot, while Complex Skewfoot has a valgus hindfoot
What is the ratio of male to female in Hereditary Metatarsus Adductus?
1.3:1
What is the primary goal of conservative treatment for Metatarsus Adductus?
To obtain a straight lateral border of the foot
What is the typical age range for surgical intervention in Metatarsus Adductus?
Above 2 years
What is the significance of the Kites angle in Metatarsus Adductus?
It is an indicator of the severity of the deformity
What is the primary difference between Metatarsus Adductus and Talipes Equinovarus?
Direction of the deformity
What is the significance of the Metatarsus Adductus Angle in the diagnosis of Metatarsus Adductus?
It is an indicator of the severity of the deformity
What is the primary goal of casting in the treatment of Metatarsus Adductus?
To obtain a straight lateral border of the foot
What is the angle above which Metatarsus Adductus is considered?
20°
What is the primary goal of conservative treatment in Metatarsus Adductus?
To obtain a straight lateral border of the foot
What is the name of the method used for casting in Metatarsus Adductus treatment from birth to 9 months?
Ponseti method
What is the age range for which osseous procedures are typically considered in Metatarsus Adductus treatment?
6-8 years
What is the name of the procedure that involves excision of the cuboid and is used in Metatarsus Adductus treatment?
Bankart procedure
What is the typical outcome of non-operative treatment in Metatarsus Adductus?
Resolution in 90% of cases by age 4
What is the primary characteristic of metatarsus adductus?
Adduction of the metatarsals on the transverse plane at the Lisfranc articulation
Which type of metatarsus adductus is characterized by a valgus deformity of the rear foot?
Complex metatarsus adductus
What is the key factor in differentiating metatarsus adductus from talipes equinovarus?
Equinus deformity of the ankle
What is the ratio of males to females affected by metatarsus adductus?
1.3:1
What is a common theory of the etiology of metatarsus adductus?
All of the above
What is a characteristic of metatarsus primus adductus?
Adduction of the first ray
What is the characteristic of Cavoadductovarus Metatarsals?
Rearfoot varus position
How is the degree of femoral anteversion measured?
By measuring hip motion with >70° internal rotation
What is the classification of Metatarsus adductus based on the heel bisector line?
Bleck Classification
What is the characteristic of the 'ARM' method of physical examination?
It examines the relationship between the rearfoot and forefoot in three cardinal planes
What is the characteristic of Tibial torsion?
It is observed in the foot-thigh angle in prone position
What is the classification of Metatarsus adductus based on the midfoot and hindfoot alignment?
Berg Classification
What is a significant predictor of poor results after resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?
Hindfoot valgus of greater than 16 degrees
What is a common outcome after resection of talocalcaneal coalitions, despite good initial results?
Deterioration of good results over time
What is the primary goal of nonoperative management in children with painful rigid flatfoot and talocalcaneal coalition?
To relieve pain and improve function
What is a common radiological outcome after resection of talocalcaneal coalitions, despite good functional outcomes?
Subtalar joint osteoarthritis in most patients with TC resections
What is a contraindication for resection in patients with talocalcaneal coalition?
Involvement of more than two-thirds of the total surface area of the subtalar joint
What is a characteristic of resection of TC coalitions compared to CN coalitions?
More favorable long-term outcomes
What is the success rate of surgical resection in patients with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition involving one-third or less of the total surface area of the subtalar joint?
77%
What is a common outcome after resection of tarsal coalitions, regardless of the type of coalition?
Residual functional deficit with decreased motion of the hindfoot and the ankle
What is a characteristic of the study by Kadir Ilker Yildiz et al. published in The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 2019?
A minimum 5-year follow-up
What is the primary goal of deformity correction in patients with talocalcaneal coalition?
To restore normal anatomy
What is the typical post-operative recovery protocol for patients undergoing surgical resection for talocalcaneal coalition?
NWB splint for 1 week followed by WBAT in boot for 3 weeks
What is the significance of incomplete ossification of the talus in patients with talocalcaneal coalition?
It is a characteristic of the condition
What percentage of patients remain pain-free after cast removal in nonoperative management of tarsal coalitions?
30%
What is a contraindication for resection in tarsal coalitions?
Painless coalitions
What is a surgical option for tarsal coalitions besides resection?
Deformity correction with an osteotomy
What is the goal of deformity correction with an osteotomy in tarsal coalitions?
Correct deformity
What is the typical duration of pain relief after cast/boot application in nonoperative management of tarsal coalitions?
24-48 hours
What is the primary goal of surgical resection in tarsal coalitions?
Relieve pain
What is the characteristic foot type of middle facet coalition?
Pes planus
What is the radiographic finding in subtalar coalition?
C-sign or ring sign
What is a predictor of poor results after resection for talocalcaneal coalitions?
Hindfoot valgus of greater than 16 degrees
What is a common outcome for patients who undergo resection for tarsal coalitions?
Most patients have a residual functional deficit with decreased motion of the hindfoot and the ankle
What is the pathophysiological mechanism of pain in coalitions?
Microfractures due to mechanical abnormality
What is a long-term outcome for patients who undergo resection for talocalcaneal coalitions?
Subtalar joint osteoarthritis develops in most patients
What is a clinical exam finding in tarsal coalitions?
Restricted motion of the STJ and MTJ
What is a characteristic of the long-term outcomes for patients who undergo resection for talocalcaneal coalitions?
Functional and radiological outcomes deteriorate over time
What is a morphologic variation of talo-calcaneal coalitions?
Middle facet coalition: Pes planus
What is a radiographic finding in calcaneonavicular coalitions?
C-sign or ring sign
What is a difference in outcome between TC and CN resections?
TC resections have more favorable long-term outcomes
What is a characteristic of the study by Kadir Ilker Yildiz et al.?
A minimum 5-year follow-up was conducted
What is a characteristic of the C sign in tarsal coalitions?
Composed of the talar dome and inferior margin of the sustentaculum tali
Which morphologic variation of tarsal coalitions is associated with a larger coalition?
Large and massive
What is the primary goal of treatment for symptomatic tarsal coalitions?
To relieve pain
What is a contraindication for resection in tarsal coalitions?
The answer is not specified in the text
What is the outcome of nonoperative treatment for symptomatic tarsal coalitions?
Approximately 30% of patients remain pain-free
What is the indication for surgical resection in tarsal coalitions?
Persistently painful tarsal coalitions despite nonoperative treatment
What is the term for the congenital union of two or more tarsal bones by bone, fibrous tissue, or cartilage?
Tarsal coalition
What is the estimated prevalence of tarsal coalitions in the general population?
11.5% to 13%
Which joints are most commonly affected by tarsal coalitions?
Talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular
What is the term for the condition characterized by a planovalgus deformity and decreased subtalar/midfoot motion?
Hypermobile flatfoot
What is the study by Rühli et al. (2003) known for?
Identifying the prevalence of tarsal coalitions in a cadaveric sample
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tarsal coalitions?
Increased subtalar/midfoot motion
What percentage of tarsal coalitions are talocalcaneal?
48.1%
At what age do talocalcaneal coalitions typically present?
12-16 years
What is the primary goal of treatment for symptomatic tarsal coalitions?
To relieve pain
What is the annual incidence of symptomatic tarsal coalitions per 100,000 children?
3.5
What is a factor that predicts the outcome of surgical resection for tarsal coalitions?
Patient's age
What percentage of tarsal coalitions are calcaneonavicular?
43.6%
How many symptomatic tarsal coalitions were identified in the study?
79
What is the percentage of patients who remain pain-free after cast removal for tarsal coalitions?
30%
What is the most common type of tarsal coalition?
Talocalcaneal
What is the indication for surgical resection for tarsal coalitions?
Persistently painful tarsal coalitions despite nonoperative management
What is the purpose of nonoperative treatments for tarsal coalitions?
To relieve symptoms
What is the result of nonoperative treatment for symptomatic tarsal coalitions?
Pain is generally relieved within 24 to 48 hours
What is the primary focus of the study by Giovanni Luigi Di Gennaro et al. published in BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020?
Operative versus nonoperative treatment in children with painful flatfoot
What is the success rate of resection when the coalition involves one-third or less of the total surface area of the subtalar joint on CT?
77%
What is the treatment option considered for children with painful rigid flatfoot and talocalcaneal coalition?
Combined TCC resection, graft interposition, and subtalar arthroereisis
What is the characteristic of talocalcaneal coalition on CT?
Talus dominant pattern
What is the post-operative recovery protocol for children with talocalcaneal coalition?
NWB splint x 1 week, WBAT in Boot/ROM x 3 weeks
What is the outcome of inadequate resection in children with talocalcaneal coalition?
Persistent symptoms
What is a predictor of poor results after resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?
Hindfoot valgus of greater than 16 degrees
What is a common finding in patients with talocalcaneal coalitions after resection?
Subtalar joint osteoarthritis in all patients
What is a characteristic of the outcome of resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?
Good results deteriorate over time
What is a common functional outcome of resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?
Residual functional deficit with decreased motion of the hindfoot and ankle
What is a characteristic of the long-term outcome of talocalcaneal coalition resections?
More favorable long-term outcomes in TC coalitions
What is a common radiological outcome of resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?
Development of subtalar joint osteoarthritis in all patients
What should be avoided in pediatric sedation to prevent complications?
Loss of protective airway reflexes
What is the primary goal of conscious sedation in pediatric anesthesia?
To maintain patients' ability to respond purposefully to verbal commands
What is a common mistake to avoid in pediatric anesthesia?
All of the above
What is a characteristic of moderate sedation?
Ability to respond purposefully to verbal commands
What is a consideration in pediatric anesthesia for children younger than 3 years of age?
Large head in proportion to the size of their trunk
What is a recommended clear liquid for pediatric patients before anesthesia?
All of the above
What is the recommended fasting period prior to an elective procedure requiring anesthesia for breast milk in pediatric patients?
2 hours
What is the dose of midazolam for nasal administration in pediatric sedation?
0.3-0.4 mg/kg
Why is IM administration of diazepam not recommended in pediatric sedation?
It is painful
What is a contraindication for benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?
Previous unfavorable experience with benzodiazepines
What is the minimum fasting period recommended for solid food prior to an elective procedure requiring anesthesia in pediatric patients?
8 hours
What is the concern for children injured within 1-2 hours after eating?
They may have a higher risk of aspiration
What is a common risk factor for postponed elective surgery in pediatric patients with asthma?
Recent URTI
What is a contraindication for sedation in pediatric patients?
Altered state of consciousness
What is a recommended discharge criterion after sedation?
Airway patency and stable cardiovascular function
What is a common side effect of opioids in pediatric pain management?
Nausea and vomiting
What is a goal of post-anesthesia care?
Monitoring for postoperative complications
What is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients?
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
What is a recommended approach to administer sedative medications in pediatric patients?
IV titration to desired effect
What is a risk factor for postoperative emergence delirium in pediatric patients?
Age between 2-5 years
What is a consideration for anesthesia management in pediatric patients with asthma?
Avoidance of sedative premedication
What is a recommended fluid for perioperative hydration in pediatric patients?
Isotonic fluids (Lactated Ringer’s, 0.9% saline)
According to the '2-4-6-8 rule', how many hours before an elective procedure requiring anesthesia should solid food be stopped?
8 hours
What is a reason why gastric emptying may be further slowed in a child with a fracture?
Both A and B
Which route of administration for diazepam should be avoided because it is painful?
IM
What is a contraindication for the use of benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?
Previous unfavorable experience with benzodiazepines
How long should breast milk be withheld before an elective procedure requiring anesthesia?
4 hours
Why is a minimal fasting period of 4 hours generally recommended for emergency procedures?
To reduce the risk of aspiration
What is the primary goal of conscious sedation?
To maintain the patient's airway and protective reflexes
What is a characteristic of deep sedation?
There is a loss of protective airway reflexes
Why is it important to maintain the 'sniffing' position in children younger than 3 years old?
To prevent flex forward airway obstruction
What is a consideration during pre-operative preparation?
The allowed clear liquids, such as apple juice and water
What is the primary focus of conscious sedation?
To maintain the patient's ability to respond purposefully to verbal commands
What is a complication of over-sedation?
All of the above
What is the main advantage of using benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?
They are reversible with flumazenil
What is the primary consideration when administering opioids in pediatric sedation?
The risk of respiratory depression
What is the recommended discharge criteria after sedation in pediatric patients?
The patient's cardiovascular function and airway patency are stable
What is the main concern when performing elective surgery on a pediatric patient with asthma?
The risk of perioperative bronchial hyper-reactivity
What is the primary goal of strategies to reduce anxiety in pediatric patients?
To improve postoperative outcomes
What is the primary risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in pediatric patients?
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
What is the recommended approach to fluid management in pediatric patients perioperatively?
Administration of isotonic fluids
What is the recommended approach to blood transfusion in pediatric patients?
Transfusing 2 units of packed red cells per kilogram of body weight, followed by 1 unit of fresh frozen plasma
What is the primary consideration when anticipating a difficult intubation in pediatric patients?
The need for ample time for planning and contingency planning
What is the primary concern when managing laryngospasm in pediatric patients?
The potential for airway obstruction
What is the primary goal of ideal analgesia/sedation in children?
To eliminate pain and ensure the child's safety
What is a common consequence of over-sedation in children?
Loss of the airway and impaired protective reflexes
What is the definition of conscious sedation?
A state of depressed consciousness with maintained airway and protective reflexes
What is the recommended head position for children under 3 years old during sedation?
The flexed forward position with no padding
What is a consideration for pre-operative preparation in children?
Acceptable clear liquids up to 2 hours prior to sedation
What is the primary difference between moderate and deep sedation?
The maintenance of protective airway reflexes
What is the recommended time period for breast milk intake prior to an elective procedure requiring anesthesia?
4 hours
What is the dose range for Midazolam administered intravenously?
0.05-0.1 mg/kg
What is the primary concern for children injured within 1-2 hours after eating?
Risk of aspiration
Why should IM administration of Diazepam be avoided?
It is painful
What is a contraindication for the use of benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?
Previous unfavorable experience with benzodiazepines
What is the recommended minimal fasting period for emergency procedures in children?
4 hours
What is a characteristic of Morphine as a sedation agent?
It is reversible with naloxone
What is a criterion for discharge after sedation?
The patient is easily rousable
What is a risk of combining opioids with other sedatives?
Oversedation or respiratory arrest
What is a method of administering sedatives in pediatric patients?
IV titration to desired effect
What is a consideration for anesthesia in children with asthma?
Elective surgery should be postponed
What is a risk factor for postoperative emergence delirium?
Presence of preoperative anxiety
What is a characteristic of Ketamine as a sedation agent?
It is not commonly used in pediatric patients
What is a risk of respiratory depression in children?
It is more likely in children under 1 year
What is a consideration for fluid management in pediatric patients?
Isotonic fluids should be used to prevent hyponatraemia
What is a characteristic of postoperative emergence delirium?
It is a self-limiting condition
What is a characteristic of ideal analgesia and sedation in children?
Predictable in its action
What is a complication of over-sedation in children?
Aspiration
What is the term for a state of depressed consciousness in which a patient maintains their ability to respond to verbal commands?
Moderate sedation
What is the recommended head position for children younger than 3 years of age during sedation?
Sniffing position
What is an acceptable clear liquid for pre-operative preparation in children?
Apple juice
What is a risk of under-treatment of pain in children?
Lack of familiarity with sedation methods
What is the recommended fasting period for emergency procedures in children who have eaten within 1 to 2 hours prior to the procedure?
4 hours
What is the recommended method of administration for diazepam in pediatric sedation?
IV or PO
What is the contraindication for benzodiazepine use in pediatric sedation?
Previous unfavorable experience with benzodiazepines
What is the dose range for midazolam administration via PO in pediatric sedation?
0.5-0.75 mg/kg
What is the primary goal of gastric emptying in pediatric anesthesia?
To reduce the risk of aspiration
What can slow down gastric emptying in a child with a fracture?
All of the above
What is a major disadvantage of using opioids in pediatric sedation?
Risk of respiratory depression
What is a key consideration for anesthesia in pediatric patients with asthma?
Postponing elective surgery for 2-4 weeks after an URTI
What is a common complication of using ketamine in pediatric sedation?
Emergence delirium
What is a critical criterion for post-sedation discharge in pediatric patients?
The patient is easily rousable
What is a major advantage of using benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?
They can be reversed with flumazenil
What is a common symptom of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in pediatric patients?
All of the above
What is a key strategy for reducing anxiety in pediatric patients before anesthesia?
Behavioral interventions
What is a major risk factor for respiratory depression in pediatric patients?
Combining opioids with benzodiazepines
What is a goal of rehabilitation programs for pediatric patients after anesthesia?
Promoting quick recovery
What is a consideration for anesthesia in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
Avoiding sedative premedication
What is the primary goal of the treatment for Flexible Flatfoot?
To alleviate the symptoms and improve the quality of life
What is the name of the test used to assess the Flexible Flatfoot?
Jack's Test
What is the incidence of the Accessory Navicular in the general population?
2-21%
What is the type of Accessory Navicular that is characterized by a fusion of the navicular bone?
Type III
What is the name of the surgical procedure used to treat the Accessory Navicular?
Kidner procedure
What is the age range when the navicular bone typically ossifies?
9-11 years old
At what age does the normal arch of the foot typically develop?
7-10 years old
What percentage of adults have flexible pes planus?
15-20%
What is a risk factor for developing flexible flatfoot?
Overweight
What is the primary goal of the history of present illness in evaluating a patient with flatfoot?
To determine the specific concern of the patient
What is the significance of the sagittal plane in evaluating a patient with flatfoot?
It is used to assess the degree of equinus
What is the importance of the physical exam in evaluating a patient with flatfoot?
It is used to evaluate the alignment and function of the ankle and foot
What is the primary purpose of the Hubscher maneuver, also known as Jack's Test?
To assess the flexibility of the flatfoot
What is the name of the surgical procedure developed by Kidner in 1929 for the treatment of an accessory navicular?
Excision and reattachment of the PT tendon
What is the term used to describe the excessive inward rotation of the heel, often associated with flatfoot deformity?
Genu valgum
What is the name of the mechanism responsible for the flexibility of the flatfoot during the gait cycle?
Windlass mechanism
What is the term used to describe the condition where the heel is elevated, often associated with flatfoot deformity?
Equinus
What is the type of osteotomy that involves the medial displacement of the calcaneus?
Calcaneal osteotomy with medial displacement
At what age does a normal arch typically develop in children?
7-10 years old
What percentage of adults are estimated to have flexible pes planus, also known as flexible flatfeet?
15-20%
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing flexible flatfeet?
Obesity
What is the typical pattern of flexible flatfeet incidence in children?
Incidence decreases with age
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing flexible flatfeet?
Female gender
What is the primary focus of the physical exam in evaluating flexible flatfeet?
Gait analysis
At what age does the normal arch of the foot typically develop?
Around 7 to 10 years old
What percentage of adults have flexible pes planus?
15-20%
What is a risk factor for flexible flatfoot?
Overweight
What is a common feature of flexible flatfoot in children?
It decreases in incidence with age
What is a key component of the physical exam for flexible flatfoot?
Gait analysis
What is a factor that influences the risk of developing flexible flatfoot?
Male gender
What is a characteristic of flexible flatfoot?
It is treated with physical therapy and orthotics
What is the purpose of the Windlass mechanism?
To reduce pronation of the foot
What is the name of the test used to assess flexible flatfoot?
Jack's Test
What is the incidence of accessory navicular?
2-21% of the population
What is the treatment for symptomatic accessory navicular?
Surgical excision of the accessory bone
What is the name of the surgical treatment option for flexible flatfoot?
Calcaneal osteotomy
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