Stress Fractures in Athletes
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of navicular stress fractures in runners?

  • Painful only with walking or on flat feet
  • Painful only with running or on toes (correct)
  • Painful only with cycling or on pedals
  • Painful only with jumping or on heels

    • What is a common location of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

  • Medial compartment
  • Posterior compartment
  • Lateral compartment
  • Anterior compartment (correct)

    • What is a significant factor in the treatment of stress fractures?

  • Aggressive physical therapy
  • Immediate surgical intervention
  • Offloading based on pain level (correct)
  • Pain masking with medications

    • What is a typical feature of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>Gradually increasing pain with activity in a specific area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for surgical intervention in stress fractures?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in diagnosing chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>There is no noninvasive measurement technique accepted as an equivalent alternative to direct pressure measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of rehabilitation for an acute ankle sprain?

    <p>Decrease pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical treatment option for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>Fasciotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return to sport/activity rate for athletes who undergo compartment release surgery for CECS?

    <p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common injury seen in sports medicine clinics?

    <p>Acute Ankle Sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sport-specific consideration for injury prevention?

    <p>Type of running surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option considered when all other non-surgical options have been exhausted?

    <p>Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study by Saxena et al. published in JFAS 2017?

    <p>Treatment of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome with Radial Soundwave Therapy in Elite Athletes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which publication focuses on dynamic techniques for clinical assessment of the athlete?

    <p>Clin Podiatr Med Surg 32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the publication by Velasco and Leggit in 2020?

    <p>Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Clinical Update</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the study by Saxena et al. published in FAI 2006?

    <p>Navicular Stress Fractures in Athletes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which publication discusses compartment syndrome treatment?

    <p>UptoDate 2022</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topic of the publication by B Fullem in UptoDate 2022?

    <p>Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of athletes return to sport or activity after compartment release surgery for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Acute Ankle Sprains?

    <p>Most commonly affect the lateral collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of rehabilitation for an injured athlete?

    <p>Improve gait pattern and closed kinetic chain motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered when determining the severity of an Acute Ankle Sprain?

    <p>Exam, pain to palpation, and instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of initial treatment for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?

    <p>Reducing pain and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option considered when all other non-surgical options have been exhausted?

    <p>Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that influences the healing rate of an injury in athletes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended rate of mileage increase to minimize the risk of injury in novice runners?

    <p>10% per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinguishing feature between Stress Fractures and Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?

    <p>Pattern of pain (focal vs. diffuse)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location of Stress Fractures in athletes?

    <p>Tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration in the rehabilitation protocol for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?

    <p>Gradual return to activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of inadequately treating Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?

    <p>Complete fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sports injuries seen in sports medicine specialty clinics are injuries to the foot and ankle?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) and Anterior Tibial Stress Syndrome (ATSS)?

    <p>Gastrosoleal tightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) and Anterior Tibial Stress Syndrome (ATSS)?

    <p>Pain initially while running, improving with time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor contributing to running injuries?

    <p>Training on hard surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a focus of rehabilitation programs for athletes with lower extremity injuries?

    <p>Returning to sport with a focus on prevention of future injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common biomechanical factor contributing to running injuries?

    <p>External rotation of the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of stress fractures in athletes?

    <p>Pain that improves with rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for obtaining x-rays in chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>To rule out other pathologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) in athletes?

    <p>Relief of symptoms with rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key differentiating feature between medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and anterior tibial stress syndrome (ATSS)?

    <p>Location of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for surgical intervention in athletes with stress fractures?

    <p>Displaced navicular stress fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>Gradually increasing pain with activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)?

    <p>Rapid increase in mileage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option for chronic compartment syndrome?

    <p>Compartment release surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of advanced imaging in the diagnosis of stress fractures?

    <p>Particularly useful in tarsal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key diagnostic criterion for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome?

    <p>One-minute post-exercise pressure ≥ 30mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common location of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>Anterior compartment of the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of initial treatment for Acute Ankle Sprains?

    <p>Decrease pain and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)?

    <p>Dull ache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a focus of rehabilitation programs for athletes with lower extremity injuries?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that influences the healing rate of an injury in athletes?

    <p>Degree of injury and prior level of conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy?

    <p>Enhancing tissue regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the return to sport/activity rate for athletes who undergo compartment release surgery for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common injury seen in sports medicine clinics, affecting the lateral collateral ligaments?

    <p>Acute Ankle Sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of inadequately treating chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>Impaired local tissue perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of anterior tibial stress syndrome (ATSS)?

    <p>Notoriously slow to heal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for obtaining x-rays in chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>To rule out other pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key differentiating feature between medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and anterior tibial stress syndrome (ATSS)?

    <p>Location of the pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and anterior tibial stress syndrome (ATSS)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of advanced imaging in the diagnosis of stress fractures?

    <p>Particularly useful in tarsal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the intracompartmental pressure criteria for diagnosing Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>One-minute post-exercise pressure ≥ 30mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of athletes return to sport or activity after undergoing compartment release surgery for CECS?

    <p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor that influences the healing rate of an injury in athletes?

    <p>Age and prior level of conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the initial treatment for Acute Ankle Sprains?

    <p>Reduce pain and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism underlying the development of chronic exertional compartment syndrome?

    <p>Abnormal biomechanics leading to increased pressure within the compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered when determining the severity of an Acute Ankle Sprain?

    <p>Pain to palpation and instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of anterior tibial stress syndrome?

    <p>Pain and tenderness localized to the anterior tibia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option considered when all other non-surgical options have been exhausted for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome?

    <p>Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of compartment release surgery for chronic exertional compartment syndrome?

    <p>To decompress the affected compartment and relieve pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common risk factor for developing medial tibial stress syndrome?

    <p>Abnormal biomechanics and overpronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between chronic exertional compartment syndrome and dyskinesia?

    <p>Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is characterized by pain and inflammation, while dyskinesia is characterized by abnormal movement patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of radial soundwave therapy in the treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome?

    <p>To reduce pain and inflammation in the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential complication that can occur due to plantar fasciotomy surgery?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration to prevent nerve damage during plantar fasciotomy surgery?

    <p>Incision placement along relaxed skin tension lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of managing biomechanical disturbances in patients with plantar fasciitis?

    <p>To adjust and accommodate structures with time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to address recalcitrant heel pain before considering surgical intervention?

    <p>Considering 'zebras' before proceeding with surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing complications in plantar fasciotomy patients?

    <p>To prevent long-term morbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients can be successfully managed with well-executed non-surgical care?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Plantar Fasciotomy using EPF?

    <p>It provides great visualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication that can arise from Plantar Fasciotomy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of prevention in Plantar Fasciotomy?

    <p>To prevent nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Microdebridement in Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)?

    <p>To destroy dystrophic and fibrotic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can complications be best addressed in Plantar Fasciotomy?

    <p>By preventing them in the first place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of rehabilitation after Plantar Fasciotomy?

    <p>To promote healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy in treating chronic heel pain?

    <p>Stimulation of a healing cascade through the influx of growth factors and cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of infracalcaneal bursitis?

    <p>Focal pain to the central and slightly posterior plantar heel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common systemic condition that can cause chronic heel pain?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for surgical intervention in chronic heel pain?

    <p>Failure of conservative therapies for at least 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication of chronic heel pain?

    <p>Recurrence of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of nonsurgical treatment for chronic heel pain?

    <p>To manage symptoms and prevent recurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy over corticosteroid injections?

    <p>No difference in outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of iontophoresis in treating chronic heel pain?

    <p>Enhanced delivery of topical medications through the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using Astym/Dry needling in treating chronic heel pain?

    <p>Failure of conservative therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of the Endoscopic Plantar Fasciotomy (EPF) procedure?

    <p>Great visualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of addressing complications in plantar fasciotomy?

    <p>To avoid them in the first place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)?

    <p>Uses focused radiofrequency energy to break molecular bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with plantar fasciotomy?

    <p>Nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of immediate weightbearing after a small gauze bandage is applied?

    <p>To allow for immediate mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reported patient satisfaction rate for Endoscopic Plantar Fasciotomy (EPF)?

    <p>60-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the surgical technique described in the 'Two-Portal Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release' article?

    <p>releasing the plantar fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the procedure described in the 'Heel Surgery (Plantar Fascial Release)' PowerPoint presentation?

    <p>Plantar fascia release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the article 'Plantar Fasciitis: A Degenerative Process (Fasciosis) Without Inflammation', what is the underlying pathology of plantar fasciitis?

    <p>Degenerative process of the plantar fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of patient education for individuals with plantar fasciitis?

    <p>To instruct on proper footwear and foot mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the systematic literature review that discusses the current standard of therapy for rupture of the plantar fascia?

    <p>Debus et al.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the release of the plantar fascia, as described in the 'Two-Portal Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release' article?

    <p>Fasciotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the neurolysis technique in plantar fasciotomy?

    <p>To evaluate the neurovascular bundle and release adhesions as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the nerve that is released during the neurolysis technique in plantar fasciotomy?

    <p>Baxter's nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying the fascial plane during the open technique of heel spur resection?

    <p>To avoid larger branches of the medial calcaneal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the open and percutaneous approaches of heel spur resection?

    <p>The type of incision used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the operation described by DuVries in 1957?

    <p>Heel spur resection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of releasing the plantar fascia during heel spur resection?

    <p>To release the tension on the plantar fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a histological finding in heel spur resection samples, according to Lemont et al (2003)?

    <p>Inflammation is never present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition also known as 'distal tarsal tunnel syndrome'?

    <p>Baxter's Neuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for partial or complete rupture of the plantar fascia?

    <p>Plantar fascia rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a condition often concomitant with tarsal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Plantar fasciitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a diagnostic tool used to help differentiate tarsal tunnel syndrome from other causes of plantar heel pain?

    <p>NCS/EMG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary underlying mechanism of plantar fasciitis?

    <p>Increased traction on the calcaneus during gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the heel spur in plantar fasciitis?

    <p>It is a common finding in asymptomatic individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between plantar fasciitis and plantar fasciosis?

    <p>Fasciitis is an inflammatory condition, while fasciosis is a degenerative condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of plantar fasciitis?

    <p>Post-static dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common differential diagnosis of plantar fasciitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial step in the open technique of heel spur resection?

    <p>Incision placement to avoid larger branches of medial calcaneal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of neurolysis in the context of heel spur treatment?

    <p>To relieve compression on the nerve and surrounding tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following approaches is NOT a common method for plantar fasciotomy?

    <p>Endoscopic fasciotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for performing neurolysis in conjunction with plantar fascial release?

    <p>Clinical suspicion of nerve compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of performing neurolysis in conjunction with plantar fascial release?

    <p>Increased satisfaction rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication of heel spur resection?

    <p>Nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of polydactyly cases that have a family member with the condition?

    <p>Around 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term coined by Light and Ogden in 1981 to describe a type of metatarsal malformation?

    <p>Longitudinal Epiphyseal Bracket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate incidence of polydactyly per 1000 live births?

    <p>1.7 per 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the Greek concept that means 'short' and is related to brachy metatarsia?

    <p>Brachus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the Greek concept that means 'finger' and is related to polydactyly?

    <p>Dactylus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the Latin concept that means 'of the metatarsals' and is related to brachy metatarsia?

    <p>Metatarsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of preoperative radiographic measurements in the treatment of BrachyMetatarsia?

    <p>To plan surgical lengthening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of single-stage lengthening in the treatment of BrachyMetatarsia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical treatment of BrachyMetatarsia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transverse osteotomy in single-stage lengthening?

    <p>To insert the bone graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the postoperative care for single-stage lengthening?

    <p>Partial weight bearing in a heel-wedge shoe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative to single-stage lengthening in the treatment of BrachyMetatarsia?

    <p>Callus distraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical treatment for Polydactyly?

    <p>To remove the extra digit and rebalance the toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of Polydactyly?

    <p>Postaxial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the radiographic characteristic of BrachyMetatarsia?

    <p>Reduced length of the metatarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of postoperative care for Polydactyly surgery?

    <p>Monitoring for signs of digital or flap necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic association with Polydactyly?

    <p>Autosomal dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical presentation of BrachyMetatarsia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of radiographs in the diagnosis of Polydactyly?

    <p>To plan surgical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical treatment option for BrachyMetatarsia?

    <p>Osteotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryonic developmental term that denotes the separation of cranial from caudal?

    <p>Axial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical preplanning for Polydactyly?

    <p>To preserve the N/V anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal daily lengthening of the metatarsal?

    <p>1mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the callus distraction method?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inserting the first pin percutaneously?

    <p>To hold the fixator in the desired position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a semicircular ring fixator?

    <p>Ability to correct angular deformity simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should the fixator be left on after the procedure?

    <p>Until union is confirmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases of polydactyly involve the fifth toe or ray duplication?

    <p>80%+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of surgical preplanning for polydactyly?

    <p>To remove the most peripheral supernumerary digit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should surgery for polydactyly be delayed until?

    <p>1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the separation of cranial and caudal parts of the limb during embryonic development?

    <p>Axial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the treatment for asymptomatic cases of polydactyly?

    <p>Conservative management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of rebalancing the metatarsophalangeal joint capsule?

    <p>To prevent postoperative hallux varus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incidence of brachymetatarsia?

    <p>3-5 per 1000 people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location of brachymetatarsia?

    <p>The fourth ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical feature of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of rehabilitation for an injured athlete with polydactyly?

    <p>To restore normal toe function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate incidence of polydactyly per 1000 live births?

    <p>1.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term coined by Light and Ogden in 1981 to describe a metatarsal malformation?

    <p>Longitudinal Epiphyseal Bracket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of individuals with polydactyly who have a family member with the condition?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for seeking medical attention in individuals with polydactyly?

    <p>Pain and difficulty fitting shoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the Greek word that means 'short' and is related to a type of polydactyly?

    <p>Brachus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the famous author who had six-toed cats?

    <p>Ernest Hemingway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the initial compression phase in callus distraction?

    <p>To promote bone healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily rate of lengthening in callus distraction?

    <p>0.25mm every 6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a small incision in callus distraction?

    <p>Minimized dissection of the periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern during the postoperative care phase in callus distraction?

    <p>Preventing overlengthening complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of corticotomy in callus distraction?

    <p>To cut only the bone cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of fixator placement in callus distraction?

    <p>To allow for initial compression and corticotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most useful radiographic view for preoperative evaluation of brachymetatarsia?

    <p>Weight-bearing AP foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical treatment for brachymetatarsia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of single-stage lengthening in brachymetatarsia treatment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transverse osteotomy in single-stage lengthening?

    <p>To insert a bone graft block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a postoperative consideration in single-stage lengthening?

    <p>Monitor the toe for vascular interruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alternative to single-stage lengthening in brachymetatarsia treatment?

    <p>Callus-distraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term coined by Light and Ogden in 1981 to describe a metatarsal malformation?

    <p>Longitudinal Epiphyseal Bracket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate incidence of polydactyly per 1000 live births?

    <p>1.7 per 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of people with polydactyly who have a family member with the condition?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the duplication of one or more digits?

    <p>Polydactyly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genetic conditions are recognized in association with polydactyly?

    <p>Over 97</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chief complaint of people with polydactyly?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal lengthening rate for metatarsal distraction osteogenesis?

    <p>1mm per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the callus distraction method?

    <p>It has a higher rate of complication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is angular deformity correction addressed during metatarsal lengthening?

    <p>Using a semicircular ring fixator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time to healing for metatarsal lengthening?

    <p>16-20 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal insertion angle for the first pin during metatarsal lengthening?

    <p>As shown in the illustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary radiographic feature of polydactyly?

    <p>Duplication of the entire ray or segments thereof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In polydactyly, which vein is formed from the preaxial vein?

    <p>Greater saphenous vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical preplanning in polydactyly?

    <p>Remove the most peripheral supernumerary digit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical feature of postaxial polydactyly?

    <p>Fifth toe or ray duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for delaying surgery in polydactyly until at least 1 year of age?

    <p>To reduce complications from anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of postoperative care in polydactyly?

    <p>Monitoring for signs of digital or flap necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of brachymetatarsia?

    <p>Reduced length of the metatarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of single-stage lengthening in brachymetatarsia treatment?

    <p>To establish cosmetically acceptable appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using radiographs in brachymetatarsia evaluation?

    <p>To evaluate the deformity and plan treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of bone graft size in single-stage lengthening?

    <p>Not more than 15mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment in brachymetatarsia?

    <p>To relieve pain and pressure on the short toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of transverse osteotomy in single-stage lengthening?

    <p>To insert the bone graft block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of single-stage lengthening compared to callus distraction?

    <p>Faster time to healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using a 0.62 K-wire in preaxial polydactyly excision?

    <p>To retain the acceptable position of the toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of postoperative monitoring in single-stage lengthening?

    <p>To monitor for vascular interruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying a mini-rail external fixator in callus distraction?

    <p>To apply tension to the metatarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration for the placement of the fixator in callus distraction?

    <p>Fitting on the metatarsal with all four pins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of corticotomy in callus distraction?

    <p>Cutting only the bone cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily lengthening goal in callus distraction?

    <p>0.25mm every 6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of overlengthening in callus distraction?

    <p>Both of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should the patient do daily pin care in callus distraction?

    <p>Daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for strict instructions on fixator use in callus distraction?

    <p>To prevent overlengthening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Achilles tendon insertion?

    <p>Attaches to the middle third of the posterior calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thought to be a contributing factor to the development of insertional Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>Mechanical overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rotation of the Achilles tendon before its insertion?

    <p>90 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lies between the Achilles tendon and the calcaneus?

    <p>The retrocalcaneal bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the three muscles that make up the Achilles tendon?

    <p>Each muscle has an individual aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common association with insertional Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>Equinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of pain in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>Posterior heel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Silfverskiold exam in the evaluation of insertional Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>To evaluate for equinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Kager's triangle in radiographic evaluation of the Achilles tendon?

    <p>It is a normal radiographic finding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using ultrasound in the evaluation of insertional Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>It is a more cost-effective option than MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the standing exam in radiographic evaluation of the Achilles tendon?

    <p>To evaluate the rearfoot/leg relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Haglund's deformity in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>It is a coexisting condition that can contribute to pain and osseous prominence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>To address biomechanical abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for surgical debridement of the Achilles tendon?

    <p>Degenerative changes in the tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of oral steroids in the treatment of insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>They provide symptomatic relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of posterior muscle column stretching in the treatment of insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>It is especially useful in patients with coexisting equinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using suture anchors in surgical detachment with reattachment of the Achilles tendon?

    <p>They provide a more stable fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary postoperative requirement after surgical management of insertional Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>Protected weightbearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of the Fowler Philip angle?

    <p>44° to 69°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of ultrasonography in evaluating Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>Dynamic evaluation and comparison to the contralateral limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a normal Achilles tendon on MRI?

    <p>Low intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parallel pitch lines in diagnosing Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>To identify spurring within tendinous structures or calcaneal prominence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of ultrasonography in evaluating Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>Operator dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of multiplanar imaging in MRI evaluation of Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>To evaluate the Achilles tendon in the sagittal and axial planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>Pain with squeeze between Achilles tendon and posterior calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Haglund's Deformity?

    <p>Surgical excision of the bursa through a posterior incision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>Swelling at the level of the bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of Haglund's Deformity?

    <p>A bone spur on the superior aspect of the calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>Pain with squeeze between Achilles tendon and posterior calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of treatment for Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>To reduce pain and inflammation in the bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location of the osseous prominence in Haglund's Deformity?

    <p>Superior lateral aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conservative treatment for Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>To reduce inflammation and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended post-operative management for surgical treatment of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>Weight-bearing as tolerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for surgical excision of the bursa in Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>Failed conservative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of physical therapy in the treatment of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>To reduce pain and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heel lifts in the conservative treatment of Retrocalcaneal Bursitis?

    <p>To reduce pressure on the bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of ultrasonography in evaluating insertional Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>Dynamic evaluation and accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a normal Achilles tendon on MRI imaging?

    <p>Low intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common observation on radiographs in patients with Haglund's deformity?

    <p>Fowler-Philip angle of 75° or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of ultrasonography in evaluating insertional Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>Operator-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of parallel pitch lines on radiographs?

    <p>Pathologic spur formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using heel lifts in conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>To address biomechanical abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of MRI in evaluating insertional Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>Helpful in evaluating inflammatory changes at the tendinous insertion site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical debridement of the posterior osteophyte/spurring in surgical management of insertional Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>To relieve pressure on the retrocalcaneal bursa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using orthotics in conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>To address biomechanical abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of eccentric training in conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>To strengthen the calf muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using dry needling in conservative therapy for insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>To relieve pain and tension in the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of surgical detachment with reattachment of the tendon in surgical management of insertional Achilles tendon pathology?

    <p>It utilizes suture anchors commonly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of defect in Achilles tendon rupture is classified as Type III according to the Kuwada classification?

    <p>Defect 3-6 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Gastrocnemius recession in Achilles tendon repair?

    <p>To provide adequate length for direct repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to move the flexor hallucis longus tendon to the dorsal aspect of the calcaneus in tendon transfer?

    <p>In-phase transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended surgical management for Type IV Achilles tendon ruptures according to the Kuwada classification?

    <p>Gastrocnemius recession with end-to-end anastomosis and graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to perform an end-to-end anastomosis in open Achilles tendon repairs?

    <p>Bunnell technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the surgical management of Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>To restore the anatomical integrity of the tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Achilles tendon ruptures commonly occur in which decade of life?

    <p>3rd-5th decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mechanism of injury for Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>Sudden, violent dorsiflexion on a plantarflexed foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical finding on physical examination of an Achilles tendon rupture?

    <p>Palpable gap and 'hatchet strike defect'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential surgical option for Achilles tendon ruptures with significant pathological tissue?

    <p>Tendon transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conservative management for Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>Immobilization for 6-8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of conservative management for Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>Re-rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of mid-substance tendinosis on MRI?

    <p>Fusiform shape of tendon with tendon thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conservative therapy for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>To address biomechanical abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication of complete tear on MRI?

    <p>Full discontinuity of fibers on T2-weighted images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Alfredson Protocol for non-insertional tendinopathy?

    <p>Eccentric training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical management option for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>Debulking of tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective physical therapy for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>Eccentric training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Achilles Tendon MRI in Mid-substance tendinosis?

    <p>Fusiform shape of tendon and tendon thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication of Complete tear in Achilles Tendon MRI?

    <p>Full discontinuity of fibers and high-signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective treatment for Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinosis?

    <p>Eccentric training and Orthotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical treatment option for Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinosis?

    <p>Debulking of the tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the Alfredson Protocol for Non-Insertional Tendinopathy?

    <p>Eccentric training with knee extended and flexed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinosis?

    <p>Biomechanical abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common association with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>Equinus deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Achilles tendon rupture?

    <p>Previous ankle sprain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration in the surgical management of Achilles tendon rupture?

    <p>The timing of surgery depends on various factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of eccentric training in the management of Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>It promotes tendon remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common presentation of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>Pain that does not move with active range of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for developing Achilles tendinopathy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of Achilles tendon rupture that requires gastrocnemius recession?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of V-Y lengthening in Achilles tendon repair?

    <p>To provide adequate length for direct repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for tendon transfer in Achilles tendon repair?

    <p>Large defect size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Kuwada classification type for Achilles tendon defects between 3-6 cm?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical technique used for end-to-end anastomosis in Achilles tendon repair?

    <p>Bunnell intra-tendinous repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the FHL tendon commonly used for in Achilles tendon repair?

    <p>Tendon transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Achilles Paratenonitis?

    <p>Pain does not move with active range of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of ultrasound in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?

    <p>Its dynamic evaluation capabilities and ease of accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common etiology of Non-Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy?

    <p>Poor athletic form and/or overuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of radiographs in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?

    <p>To visualize the Achilles tendon's defined margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Achilles tendon during the stance phase?

    <p>To act as a stabilizer and play a significant role in balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Silfverskiold exam in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?

    <p>To assess the degree of equinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides innervation to the Achilles tendon?

    <p>Sural nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of weakness in posterior muscle groups?

    <p>Compensation from flexor muscles, leading to foot and digital deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average distance from the insertion site of the Achilles tendon where the tendon blood supply is avascular?

    <p>2-6 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of the Thompson squeeze test in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?

    <p>To assess the integrity of the Achilles tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Equinus?

    <p>It leads to supination compensation, resulting in multiple foot pathologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical structure that the Achilles tendon attaches to?

    <p>Middle third of the posterior calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common association of Achilles Tendon Pathology?

    <p>Over pronation and supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the gait exam in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?

    <p>To assess the patient's gait pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of ultrasound in evaluating Achilles tendon injuries?

    <p>Its operator dependency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of Achilles Tendinopathy?

    <p>Degeneration of the Achilles tendon fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has a more medial attachment to the Achilles tendon?

    <p>Soleus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of rotation of the Achilles tendon before it inserts onto the calcaneus?

    <p>90 degrees medial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a normal Achilles tendon on MRI?

    <p>Hypo-intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mid-substance tendinosis on MRI?

    <p>Fusiform shape of tendon with tendon thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conservative therapy for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>To reduce pain and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of heel lifts in the treatment of non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>To correct biomechanical abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Alfredson Protocol for non-insertional tendinopathy?

    <p>Eccentric training for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the surgical management option for non-insertional Achilles tendinosis?

    <p>Debulking of the tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location of Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>2-6 cm from insertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the modified conservative management protocol for Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>To improve dorsiflexion and earlier return to activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical mechanism of injury for Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>Sudden, violent dorsiflexion on a plantarflexed foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Thompson test in the diagnosis of Achilles tendon ruptures?

    <p>It is used to assess the lack of plantarflexion with calf squeeze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of removing a significant amount of pathological tissue during Achilles tendon repair?

    <p>May need tendon transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic presentation of Metatarsus Adductovarus in clinical examination?

    <p>Forefoot adduction-concave lateral border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of internal rotation of the hip in cases of Femoral anteversion?

    <p>70-80°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification system used to categorize the severity of Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>Bleck Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Tibial torsion in clinical examination?

    <p>Internal rotation of the foot-thigh angle &gt; 10°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where the metatarsals are adducted and the rearfoot is in a varus position?

    <p>Cavoadductovarus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to assess the relationship between the rearfoot and forefoot in clinical examination?

    <p>ARM Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Metatarsus Adductovarus?

    <p>Adductive metatarsals with frontal plane varus component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Metatarsus Primus Adductus?

    <p>First ray adductus with IM angle of greater than 15°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Complex Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>Presents with valgus deformity of the rear foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Talipes Equinovarus?

    <p>Equinus is a key factor in differentiating versus Metatarsus Adductus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Skewfoot and Complex Skewfoot?

    <p>Skewfoot has a normal hindfoot, while Complex Skewfoot has a valgus hindfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of male to female in Hereditary Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>1.3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conservative treatment for Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>To obtain a straight lateral border of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for surgical intervention in Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>Above 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Kites angle in Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>It is an indicator of the severity of the deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Metatarsus Adductus and Talipes Equinovarus?

    <p>Direction of the deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Metatarsus Adductus Angle in the diagnosis of Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>It is an indicator of the severity of the deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of casting in the treatment of Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>To obtain a straight lateral border of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle above which Metatarsus Adductus is considered?

    <p>20°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conservative treatment in Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>To obtain a straight lateral border of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the method used for casting in Metatarsus Adductus treatment from birth to 9 months?

    <p>Ponseti method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for which osseous procedures are typically considered in Metatarsus Adductus treatment?

    <p>6-8 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the procedure that involves excision of the cuboid and is used in Metatarsus Adductus treatment?

    <p>Bankart procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of non-operative treatment in Metatarsus Adductus?

    <p>Resolution in 90% of cases by age 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of metatarsus adductus?

    <p>Adduction of the metatarsals on the transverse plane at the Lisfranc articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metatarsus adductus is characterized by a valgus deformity of the rear foot?

    <p>Complex metatarsus adductus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor in differentiating metatarsus adductus from talipes equinovarus?

    <p>Equinus deformity of the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of males to females affected by metatarsus adductus?

    <p>1.3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common theory of the etiology of metatarsus adductus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of metatarsus primus adductus?

    <p>Adduction of the first ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Cavoadductovarus Metatarsals?

    <p>Rearfoot varus position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the degree of femoral anteversion measured?

    <p>By measuring hip motion with &gt;70° internal rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Metatarsus adductus based on the heel bisector line?

    <p>Bleck Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the 'ARM' method of physical examination?

    <p>It examines the relationship between the rearfoot and forefoot in three cardinal planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Tibial torsion?

    <p>It is observed in the foot-thigh angle in prone position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Metatarsus adductus based on the midfoot and hindfoot alignment?

    <p>Berg Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant predictor of poor results after resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Hindfoot valgus of greater than 16 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome after resection of talocalcaneal coalitions, despite good initial results?

    <p>Deterioration of good results over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of nonoperative management in children with painful rigid flatfoot and talocalcaneal coalition?

    <p>To relieve pain and improve function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common radiological outcome after resection of talocalcaneal coalitions, despite good functional outcomes?

    <p>Subtalar joint osteoarthritis in most patients with TC resections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for resection in patients with talocalcaneal coalition?

    <p>Involvement of more than two-thirds of the total surface area of the subtalar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of resection of TC coalitions compared to CN coalitions?

    <p>More favorable long-term outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the success rate of surgical resection in patients with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition involving one-third or less of the total surface area of the subtalar joint?

    <p>77%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome after resection of tarsal coalitions, regardless of the type of coalition?

    <p>Residual functional deficit with decreased motion of the hindfoot and the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the study by Kadir Ilker Yildiz et al. published in The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery 2019?

    <p>A minimum 5-year follow-up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of deformity correction in patients with talocalcaneal coalition?

    <p>To restore normal anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical post-operative recovery protocol for patients undergoing surgical resection for talocalcaneal coalition?

    <p>NWB splint for 1 week followed by WBAT in boot for 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of incomplete ossification of the talus in patients with talocalcaneal coalition?

    <p>It is a characteristic of the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients remain pain-free after cast removal in nonoperative management of tarsal coalitions?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for resection in tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Painless coalitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a surgical option for tarsal coalitions besides resection?

    <p>Deformity correction with an osteotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of deformity correction with an osteotomy in tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Correct deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of pain relief after cast/boot application in nonoperative management of tarsal coalitions?

    <p>24-48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical resection in tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Relieve pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic foot type of middle facet coalition?

    <p>Pes planus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the radiographic finding in subtalar coalition?

    <p>C-sign or ring sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a predictor of poor results after resection for talocalcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Hindfoot valgus of greater than 16 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for patients who undergo resection for tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Most patients have a residual functional deficit with decreased motion of the hindfoot and the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiological mechanism of pain in coalitions?

    <p>Microfractures due to mechanical abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a long-term outcome for patients who undergo resection for talocalcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Subtalar joint osteoarthritis develops in most patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical exam finding in tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Restricted motion of the STJ and MTJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the long-term outcomes for patients who undergo resection for talocalcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Functional and radiological outcomes deteriorate over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a morphologic variation of talo-calcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Middle facet coalition: Pes planus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a radiographic finding in calcaneonavicular coalitions?

    <p>C-sign or ring sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a difference in outcome between TC and CN resections?

    <p>TC resections have more favorable long-term outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the study by Kadir Ilker Yildiz et al.?

    <p>A minimum 5-year follow-up was conducted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the C sign in tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Composed of the talar dome and inferior margin of the sustentaculum tali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which morphologic variation of tarsal coalitions is associated with a larger coalition?

    <p>Large and massive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for symptomatic tarsal coalitions?

    <p>To relieve pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for resection in tarsal coalitions?

    <p>The answer is not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of nonoperative treatment for symptomatic tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Approximately 30% of patients remain pain-free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for surgical resection in tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Persistently painful tarsal coalitions despite nonoperative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the congenital union of two or more tarsal bones by bone, fibrous tissue, or cartilage?

    <p>Tarsal coalition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of tarsal coalitions in the general population?

    <p>11.5% to 13%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joints are most commonly affected by tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by a planovalgus deformity and decreased subtalar/midfoot motion?

    <p>Hypermobile flatfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study by Rühli et al. (2003) known for?

    <p>Identifying the prevalence of tarsal coalitions in a cadaveric sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Increased subtalar/midfoot motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of tarsal coalitions are talocalcaneal?

    <p>48.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do talocalcaneal coalitions typically present?

    <p>12-16 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for symptomatic tarsal coalitions?

    <p>To relieve pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the annual incidence of symptomatic tarsal coalitions per 100,000 children?

    <p>3.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that predicts the outcome of surgical resection for tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Patient's age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of tarsal coalitions are calcaneonavicular?

    <p>43.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many symptomatic tarsal coalitions were identified in the study?

    <p>79</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of patients who remain pain-free after cast removal for tarsal coalitions?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of tarsal coalition?

    <p>Talocalcaneal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for surgical resection for tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Persistently painful tarsal coalitions despite nonoperative management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of nonoperative treatments for tarsal coalitions?

    <p>To relieve symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of nonoperative treatment for symptomatic tarsal coalitions?

    <p>Pain is generally relieved within 24 to 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study by Giovanni Luigi Di Gennaro et al. published in BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020?

    <p>Operative versus nonoperative treatment in children with painful flatfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the success rate of resection when the coalition involves one-third or less of the total surface area of the subtalar joint on CT?

    <p>77%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment option considered for children with painful rigid flatfoot and talocalcaneal coalition?

    <p>Combined TCC resection, graft interposition, and subtalar arthroereisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of talocalcaneal coalition on CT?

    <p>Talus dominant pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the post-operative recovery protocol for children with talocalcaneal coalition?

    <p>NWB splint x 1 week, WBAT in Boot/ROM x 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of inadequate resection in children with talocalcaneal coalition?

    <p>Persistent symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a predictor of poor results after resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Hindfoot valgus of greater than 16 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in patients with talocalcaneal coalitions after resection?

    <p>Subtalar joint osteoarthritis in all patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the outcome of resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Good results deteriorate over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common functional outcome of resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Residual functional deficit with decreased motion of the hindfoot and ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the long-term outcome of talocalcaneal coalition resections?

    <p>More favorable long-term outcomes in TC coalitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common radiological outcome of resection of talocalcaneal coalitions?

    <p>Development of subtalar joint osteoarthritis in all patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided in pediatric sedation to prevent complications?

    <p>Loss of protective airway reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conscious sedation in pediatric anesthesia?

    <p>To maintain patients' ability to respond purposefully to verbal commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mistake to avoid in pediatric anesthesia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of moderate sedation?

    <p>Ability to respond purposefully to verbal commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration in pediatric anesthesia for children younger than 3 years of age?

    <p>Large head in proportion to the size of their trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended clear liquid for pediatric patients before anesthesia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended fasting period prior to an elective procedure requiring anesthesia for breast milk in pediatric patients?

    <p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dose of midazolam for nasal administration in pediatric sedation?

    <p>0.3-0.4 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is IM administration of diazepam not recommended in pediatric sedation?

    <p>It is painful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?

    <p>Previous unfavorable experience with benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum fasting period recommended for solid food prior to an elective procedure requiring anesthesia in pediatric patients?

    <p>8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern for children injured within 1-2 hours after eating?

    <p>They may have a higher risk of aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for postponed elective surgery in pediatric patients with asthma?

    <p>Recent URTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for sedation in pediatric patients?

    <p>Altered state of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended discharge criterion after sedation?

    <p>Airway patency and stable cardiovascular function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of opioids in pediatric pain management?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of post-anesthesia care?

    <p>Monitoring for postoperative complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients?

    <p>Adenotonsillar hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended approach to administer sedative medications in pediatric patients?

    <p>IV titration to desired effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for postoperative emergence delirium in pediatric patients?

    <p>Age between 2-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for anesthesia management in pediatric patients with asthma?

    <p>Avoidance of sedative premedication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended fluid for perioperative hydration in pediatric patients?

    <p>Isotonic fluids (Lactated Ringer’s, 0.9% saline)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the '2-4-6-8 rule', how many hours before an elective procedure requiring anesthesia should solid food be stopped?

    <p>8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason why gastric emptying may be further slowed in a child with a fracture?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration for diazepam should be avoided because it is painful?

    <p>IM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?

    <p>Previous unfavorable experience with benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should breast milk be withheld before an elective procedure requiring anesthesia?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a minimal fasting period of 4 hours generally recommended for emergency procedures?

    <p>To reduce the risk of aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conscious sedation?

    <p>To maintain the patient's airway and protective reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of deep sedation?

    <p>There is a loss of protective airway reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to maintain the 'sniffing' position in children younger than 3 years old?

    <p>To prevent flex forward airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration during pre-operative preparation?

    <p>The allowed clear liquids, such as apple juice and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of conscious sedation?

    <p>To maintain the patient's ability to respond purposefully to verbal commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of over-sedation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?

    <p>They are reversible with flumazenil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration when administering opioids in pediatric sedation?

    <p>The risk of respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended discharge criteria after sedation in pediatric patients?

    <p>The patient's cardiovascular function and airway patency are stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern when performing elective surgery on a pediatric patient with asthma?

    <p>The risk of perioperative bronchial hyper-reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of strategies to reduce anxiety in pediatric patients?

    <p>To improve postoperative outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in pediatric patients?

    <p>Adenotonsillar hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to fluid management in pediatric patients perioperatively?

    <p>Administration of isotonic fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to blood transfusion in pediatric patients?

    <p>Transfusing 2 units of packed red cells per kilogram of body weight, followed by 1 unit of fresh frozen plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration when anticipating a difficult intubation in pediatric patients?

    <p>The need for ample time for planning and contingency planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when managing laryngospasm in pediatric patients?

    <p>The potential for airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of ideal analgesia/sedation in children?

    <p>To eliminate pain and ensure the child's safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of over-sedation in children?

    <p>Loss of the airway and impaired protective reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of conscious sedation?

    <p>A state of depressed consciousness with maintained airway and protective reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended head position for children under 3 years old during sedation?

    <p>The flexed forward position with no padding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for pre-operative preparation in children?

    <p>Acceptable clear liquids up to 2 hours prior to sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between moderate and deep sedation?

    <p>The maintenance of protective airway reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time period for breast milk intake prior to an elective procedure requiring anesthesia?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dose range for Midazolam administered intravenously?

    <p>0.05-0.1 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for children injured within 1-2 hours after eating?

    <p>Risk of aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should IM administration of Diazepam be avoided?

    <p>It is painful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?

    <p>Previous unfavorable experience with benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimal fasting period for emergency procedures in children?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Morphine as a sedation agent?

    <p>It is reversible with naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criterion for discharge after sedation?

    <p>The patient is easily rousable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk of combining opioids with other sedatives?

    <p>Oversedation or respiratory arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method of administering sedatives in pediatric patients?

    <p>IV titration to desired effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for anesthesia in children with asthma?

    <p>Elective surgery should be postponed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for postoperative emergence delirium?

    <p>Presence of preoperative anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Ketamine as a sedation agent?

    <p>It is not commonly used in pediatric patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk of respiratory depression in children?

    <p>It is more likely in children under 1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for fluid management in pediatric patients?

    <p>Isotonic fluids should be used to prevent hyponatraemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of postoperative emergence delirium?

    <p>It is a self-limiting condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ideal analgesia and sedation in children?

    <p>Predictable in its action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of over-sedation in children?

    <p>Aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a state of depressed consciousness in which a patient maintains their ability to respond to verbal commands?

    <p>Moderate sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended head position for children younger than 3 years of age during sedation?

    <p>Sniffing position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acceptable clear liquid for pre-operative preparation in children?

    <p>Apple juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk of under-treatment of pain in children?

    <p>Lack of familiarity with sedation methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended fasting period for emergency procedures in children who have eaten within 1 to 2 hours prior to the procedure?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method of administration for diazepam in pediatric sedation?

    <p>IV or PO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for benzodiazepine use in pediatric sedation?

    <p>Previous unfavorable experience with benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dose range for midazolam administration via PO in pediatric sedation?

    <p>0.5-0.75 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of gastric emptying in pediatric anesthesia?

    <p>To reduce the risk of aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can slow down gastric emptying in a child with a fracture?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of using opioids in pediatric sedation?

    <p>Risk of respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for anesthesia in pediatric patients with asthma?

    <p>Postponing elective surgery for 2-4 weeks after an URTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of using ketamine in pediatric sedation?

    <p>Emergence delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical criterion for post-sedation discharge in pediatric patients?

    <p>The patient is easily rousable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of using benzodiazepines in pediatric sedation?

    <p>They can be reversed with flumazenil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in pediatric patients?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key strategy for reducing anxiety in pediatric patients before anesthesia?

    <p>Behavioral interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for respiratory depression in pediatric patients?

    <p>Combining opioids with benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of rehabilitation programs for pediatric patients after anesthesia?

    <p>Promoting quick recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for anesthesia in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

    <p>Avoiding sedative premedication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the treatment for Flexible Flatfoot?

    <p>To alleviate the symptoms and improve the quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to assess the Flexible Flatfoot?

    <p>Jack's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incidence of the Accessory Navicular in the general population?

    <p>2-21%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of Accessory Navicular that is characterized by a fusion of the navicular bone?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surgical procedure used to treat the Accessory Navicular?

    <p>Kidner procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range when the navicular bone typically ossifies?

    <p>9-11 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the normal arch of the foot typically develop?

    <p>7-10 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults have flexible pes planus?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for developing flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the history of present illness in evaluating a patient with flatfoot?

    <p>To determine the specific concern of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the sagittal plane in evaluating a patient with flatfoot?

    <p>It is used to assess the degree of equinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the physical exam in evaluating a patient with flatfoot?

    <p>It is used to evaluate the alignment and function of the ankle and foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Hubscher maneuver, also known as Jack's Test?

    <p>To assess the flexibility of the flatfoot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surgical procedure developed by Kidner in 1929 for the treatment of an accessory navicular?

    <p>Excision and reattachment of the PT tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the excessive inward rotation of the heel, often associated with flatfoot deformity?

    <p>Genu valgum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the mechanism responsible for the flexibility of the flatfoot during the gait cycle?

    <p>Windlass mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition where the heel is elevated, often associated with flatfoot deformity?

    <p>Equinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of osteotomy that involves the medial displacement of the calcaneus?

    <p>Calcaneal osteotomy with medial displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does a normal arch typically develop in children?

    <p>7-10 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults are estimated to have flexible pes planus, also known as flexible flatfeet?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for developing flexible flatfeet?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical pattern of flexible flatfeet incidence in children?

    <p>Incidence decreases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing flexible flatfeet?

    <p>Female gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the physical exam in evaluating flexible flatfeet?

    <p>Gait analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the normal arch of the foot typically develop?

    <p>Around 7 to 10 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults have flexible pes planus?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of flexible flatfoot in children?

    <p>It decreases in incidence with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the physical exam for flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Gait analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that influences the risk of developing flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Male gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of flexible flatfoot?

    <p>It is treated with physical therapy and orthotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Windlass mechanism?

    <p>To reduce pronation of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to assess flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Jack's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incidence of accessory navicular?

    <p>2-21% of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for symptomatic accessory navicular?

    <p>Surgical excision of the accessory bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surgical treatment option for flexible flatfoot?

    <p>Calcaneal osteotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

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