30 Questions
What is the common nomenclature suffix for fatty acids?
-oic
What is the name of the C18 unsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds?
Octadecatrienoic Acid
Where does β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids primarily occur?
Mitochondria
How are fatty acids generally delivered from the gut to cells?
As free fatty acids in the blood
What is the primary storage form of fatty acids in the body?
Triacylglycerols
When are the fatty acids stored in triacylglycerols mobilized for use by peripheral tissues?
In a fasting state
What is the main stimulus that inhibits the mobilization of fat from adipose tissue in adipocytes?
Insulin
Which enzyme catalyzes the activation process of fatty acids in the cytoplasm?
Fatty acyl-CoA ligase
What is the net result of the activation process of fatty acids in the cytoplasm?
Consumption of ATP
In which organelle does the oxidation of fatty acids take place?
Mitochondria
How is fatty acyl-CoA transported into the mitochondria for β-oxidation?
Using an acyl-carnitine intermediate
What enzyme catalyzes the regeneration of fatty acyl-CoA within the mitochondria?
Carnitine acyltransferase II
Which enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing fatty acids from carbon atoms 1 or 3 of triacylglycerols?
Hormone-sensitive lipase
What is the initial trigger for the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes?
Binding of hormones to cell-surface receptors
What is the function of monoacylglycerol lipase in the process of fatty acid release?
Releasing fatty acids from monoacylglycerols
Which molecule is phosphorylated by PKA to activate hormone-sensitive lipase?
Hormone-sensitive lipase
What is the net result in terms of molecules after the action of hormone-sensitive lipase and related enzymes?
Three moles of free fatty acid and one mole of glycerol
What is the role of glucagon, epinephrine, and β-corticotropin in the activation process in adipocytes?
Activating adenylate cyclase
What is the role of enoyl CoA isomerase in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with a double bond at an odd-numbered carbon?
Move the cis-bond to trans-bond
In what condition would deficiencies in carnitine lead to an inability to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation?
Newborns and pre-term infants
Which deficiency primarily affects the liver and leads to reduced fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis?
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I)
What are the symptoms that can manifest due to carnitine deficiencies?
Mild occasional muscle cramping to severe weakness or even death
What is the result of Carnitine Palmitoylransferase II (CPT II) deficiency?
Recurrent muscle pain and fatigue with myoglobinuria after exercise
How does enoyl CoA isomerase contribute to the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids?
Isomerize the double bond to continue oxidation process
What is the most common form of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency?
Medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
What symptoms may be observed in patients with Medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency during the first years of life?
Vomiting, lethargy, and coma
What is diagnostic of Medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
Excessive urinary excretion of medium-chain dicarboxylic acids and their glycine and carnitine esters
Which enzyme deficiency is characteristic of Refsum's disease?
Mitochondrial α-oxidizing enzyme deficiency
What can ameliorate the symptoms of Refsum's disease?
Restriction of dairy products and ruminant meat from the diet
Which drugs may inhibit carnitine acyltransferases?
Sulfonylurea drugs like tolbutamide and glyburide
Test your knowledge on the inhibition of fatty acid mobilization, focusing on the role of insulin in preventing the release of stored fat. Explore the mechanisms involving adenylate cyclase and hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes.
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