Information Systems Overview

Information Systems Defined

• An information system is a collection of interconnected elements that gather (input), process, store, and share data and information.
• It also incorporates a feedback system to monitor and adjust its operations to achieve its desired goals and objectives.

Types of Feedback

• User Feedback: Systems can collect user feedback through surveys, forms, or online reviews to gauge user experience, satisfaction, and potential areas for improvement.

• Error Reporting: Systems can implement feedback mechanisms to capture and report errors or exceptions. This information helps pinpoint root causes, troubleshoot problems, and implement corrective measures to prevent future occurrences.

Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)

• A CBIS is a complete system comprised of hardware, software, databases, networks, personnel, and procedures.

People and Procedures

• Systems can enhance job satisfaction and improve worker productivity.
• Information systems personnel are responsible for managing, running, programming, and maintaining the system.
• Procedures within a CBIS define steps for specific tasks, such as entering customer orders or paying supplier invoices.
• Following procedures is crucial for operating, maintaining, and securing the system.
• User authentication procedures outline the steps for users to log in securely, typically involving identifying information and passwords.

Virtual Reality

• Virtual reality (VR) technology creates a computer-generated environment that simulates a 3D world and blocks out the physical surroundings.
• Users typically wear VR headsets, gloves, and other devices to experience and interact with this digital environment.
• VR is applied in gaming, education, and military training.

Augmented Reality

• Augmented reality (AR) overlays digital content onto the real world, enhancing the user's environment by providing contextually relevant information.
• Examples of AR include Snapchat filters, IKEA Place, Pokémon GO, and new employee training videos.

Computer System Types

• Single-user computers are portable or non-portable (stationary).
• Portable computers include wearable computers (like fitness trackers and smartwatches), smartphones, laptops, and tablets.
• Non-portable computers include desktop computers.
• Multiple-user computers include servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.

Anatomy of a Computer

• Hardware components perform input, processing, data storage, and output.
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) sequences and executes instructions.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

• ROM is nonvolatile, providing permanent storage for data and instructions.
• ROM chips store essential programming for starting up a computer.
• ROM chips were used in gaming system cartridges (e.g., Gameboy).

Secondary Data Storage Devices

• Secondary storage devices store large amounts of data and programs more permanently than memory.
• They are nonvolatile, have greater capacity, and are cheaper than memory.
• Most common forms of secondary storage include magnetic devices (hard disk drives), optical devices (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs), and solid state devices (SSDs, USB memory sticks).

Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices

• Magnetic tape is a type of sequential secondary storage medium primarily for storing backups and archives.
• Magnetic tapes are cost-effective per gigabyte, and have a lifespan of 10-20 years under proper conditions.

Virtual Server

• Virtualization logically divides the resources of a physical server to create multiple logical servers.
• Each logical server acts as its own dedicated machine.

Data Center

• A data center is a climate and access-controlled building that houses the computer hardware that delivers an organization's data and information services.
• Efficient data center operation considers reducing energy use (especially for cooling), and location with milder climates, lower energy rates, and land costs.

Grid Computing

• A collection of computers working together to solve common problems.
• The Large Hadron Collider uses grid computing with 170 computing centers from 42 countries.
• Volunteer computing, like the IBM World Community Grid app, allows individuals to contribute computing power to scientific research.

Main Memory

• Provides the CPU with a temporary working storage area for programs and data.
• Delivers data and instructions to the CPU rapidly.
• Also known as Random Access Memory (RAM).
• RAM is temporary and volatile, meaning data is lost when the computer is turned off.

Cache Memory

• High-speed memory that the processor can access faster than main memory.
• Located on or near the CPU chip.

Types of Memory

• Primary Storage: Used to hold data that the computer is currently using.
  • RAM
  • Cache Memory
• Secondary Storage: Used to store data long-term.
  • Hard disks
  • Solid-state drives (SSDs)
  • Optical disks
  • Flash drives

How Decoding Works? An Example

• The Control Unit decodes instructions by generating signals to coordinate operations.

Processor

• Clock speed, often measured in gigahertz (GHz), indicates the number of cycles per second the processor can perform.
• Modern computers typically operate in the 1 to 4 GHz range.

Processor Architectures

• x86: Predominantly used in desktop computers. Main manufacturers include Intel and AMD.
• ARM: Primarily used in mobile devices due to its energy efficiency. ARM licenses its designs to chip manufacturers. Examples of ARM-based processors include Qualcomm Snapdragon and Apple M1.
• Other architectures: Various other processor architectures exist.

### Output Devices

• 3D printers: Create three-dimensional objects from digital models, offering advantages in prototyping and customization.

Multimedia Technologies

• Haptic technology: Simulates touch sensations to enhance user interactions with digital devices.
• Virtual reality: Creates immersive, interactive experiences that simulate real-world environments.
• Augmented reality: Superimposes digital information onto the real world, enhancing the user's perception.

Haptic Technology

• Adds a new dimension to user interfaces by replicating tactile sensations.
• Applications include smartphones, VR gloves, and gaming controllers.

Computer System Types

• General-purpose computers: Desktops, laptops, and servers designed for a variety of tasks.
• Special-purpose computers: Computers designed for specific functions, such as POS systems, medical imaging devices, aircraft computers, and ATMs.

Thin Clients

• Computing devices that rely heavily on a central server for processing and storage.
• Key Characteristics:
  • Minimal local processing and storage.
  • Network dependent.
  • Centralized management.
• Examples:
  • Hospital patient rooms accessing electronic health records on a central server.
  • Kiosks.

### Servers

• Computers used by many users to perform specific tasks or services.
• Types of Servers:
  • Web server: Delivers web content.
  • DNS server (Domain Name System): Converts domain names into machine-readable IP addresses.
  • Mail server: Sends, receives, and stores email messages.
  • File server: Stores, manages, and shares files and data with networked clients.