Lecture 2 - Hardware.pdf

Principles of Information Systems, Thirteenth Edition Chapter 3 Hardware © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, s...

Principles of Information Systems, Thirteenth Edition Chapter 3 Hardware © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain 1 product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify and briefly describe the functions of the primary components of a computer 2. Give an example of recent innovations in computer processor chips, memory devices, and input/output devices 3. Identify the characteristics of various classes of single-user and multiuser computer system, and discuss the usage of each class of system 4. Identify some of the challenges and trade-offs that must be considered in implementing a data center © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Anatomy of a Computer Hardware components include devices that perform: Input Processing Data storage Output © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 3 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Anatomy of a Computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the part of the computer that sequences and executes instructions. The CPU consists of: Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) - Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logical comparisons The control unit - Decodes instructions, and coordinates the operations of other CPU components The register areas - Small, high-speed storage areas within the CPU Memory Provides the processor with a working storage area to hold program instructions and data Input/output devices Provide data and instructions to the computer and receives results from it Including permanent storage © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 4 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Processor Completing an instruction involves four steps The four steps © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 5 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Processor Decoding involves breaking down the instruction into two parts: opcode (operation code) and address code Opcodes are a basic set of commands that the processor can execute, such as ADD—Add two numbers together COMPARE—Compare numbers IN—Input information from a device (e.g., keyboard) JUMP—Jump to designated memory address © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 6 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. How decoding works? An example Source: The Crash Course Computer Science https://youtu.be/FZGugFqdr60?si=5SJfqxbLBOTMfUdL&t=95 1:35 to 4:18 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 7 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. How decoding works? An example Source: The Crash Course Computer Science https://youtu.be/FZGugFqdr60?si=5SJfqxbLBOTMfUdL&t=95 1:35 to 4:18 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 8 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. How decoding works? An example Source: The Crash Course Computer Science https://youtu.be/FZGugFqdr60?si=5SJfqxbLBOTMfUdL&t=95 1:35 to 4:18 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 9 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. How decoding works? An example Source: The Crash Course Computer Science https://youtu.be/FZGugFqdr60?si=5SJfqxbLBOTMfUdL&t=95 1:35 to 4:18 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 10 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. How decoding works? An example Source: The Crash Course Computer Science https://youtu.be/FZGugFqdr60?si=5SJfqxbLBOTMfUdL&t=95 1:35 to 4:18 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 11 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. How decoding works? An example Source: The Crash Course Computer Science https://youtu.be/FZGugFqdr60?si=5SJfqxbLBOTMfUdL&t=95 1:35 to 4:18 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 12 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  How decoding works? An example The control unit decodes instructions by generating signals to coordinate operations Source: The Crash Course Computer Science https://youtu.be/FZGugFqdr60?si=5SJfqxbLBOTMfUdL&t=95 1:35 to 4:18 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 13 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Processor Clock speed Often measured in gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second Many of today’s computers operate in the 1 to 4 GHz range © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 14 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Processor Architectures x86 Mostly used in desktop computers Main manufacturers: Intel and AMD ARM Mostly used in mobile devices due to energy efficiency ARM is a designer of computer processors; it licenses its designs to chip manufacturers Examples: Qualcomm Snapdragon and Apple M1 are based on ARM Other architectures exist © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 15 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Processor Families A set of processors from the same manufacturer that have similar features and capabilities Examples: Intel families: Atom, Celeron, Pentium, Core, Xeon © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 16 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Utilizing Multiple Processing Units Coprocessor Executes specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity Examples: - Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) executes specific types of instructions while the other processer (the CPU) works on another processing activity - Apple Neural Engine (ANE) executes deep neural networks on Apple devices while the other processor executes all other tasks Multicore processor Multicore processor has two or more independent processing units, called cores These cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, thereby increasing the amount of processing that can be completed in a given amount of time CPUs can have up to 20 cores GPUs can have 100s or even thousands of cores © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 17 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Parallel computing The simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors Massively parallel processing systems Systems with thousands of such processors Control Processor Processor 1 Processor 2 Processor 3 Processor 4 Memory Memory Memory Memory Results combined © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 18 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Grid Computing The use of a collection of computers, often owned by multiple individuals or organizations, that work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem Examples⁺: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC): 170 computing centers from 42 countries Volunteer computing: IBM World Community Grid app [video] © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 19 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Main Memory Provides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and data Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU Also known as Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM is temporary and volatile Storage capacity Byte (B): eight bits that together represent a single character of data © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 20 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Cache Memory Processor can access this type of high-speed memory faster than main memory Located on or near the CPU chip © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 21 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Types of Memory © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 22 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Read-Only Memory (ROM) It’s nonvolatile, which means it provides permanent storage for data and instructions ROM chips store the essential programming required to start up a computer ROM chips were also used in gaming system cartridges (e.g., Gameboy) © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 23 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Secondary Data Storage Devices Secondary storage Devices that store large amounts of data and programs more permanently than allowed with memory Advantages over memory Nonvolatility Greater capacity Cheaper Secondary storage is not directly accessible by the CPU Computers usually use input/output channels to access secondary storage and then transfer the desired data to intermediate areas in primary storage Most common forms Magnetic, such as hard disk drives Optical, such as CD, DVD and Blu-ray discs Solid state, such as solid state drives (SSD) and USB memory sticks © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 24 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic tape A type of sequential secondary storage medium Primarily for storing backups and archives. Why? - Cost: the cost per gigabyte for magnetic tapes is considerably lower - Longevity: under the right condition, the lifespan of tapes range between 10 to 20 years Photo: Victor Prado © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 25 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices Hard disk drive (HDD) A storage device that consists of rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material How HDDs work? [link] © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 26 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID): a technology that allows multiple hard disks to be combined into a single logical unit The main goal of RAID is to increase reliability and data availability Except for RAID 0 where the goal is to improve performance RAID 0 Data is spread across multiple disks Advantage: Speed Disadvantage: No fault tolerance © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 27 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices RAID 1: disk mirroring Data is mirrored across two disks, so that if one disk fails, the data can still be accessed from the other disk Advantage: Fault tolerance Disadvantage: Using RAID 1 requires double the disk space Other RAID types: RAID 5, and RAID 10, etc © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 28 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Optical Secondary Storage Devices A form of data storage that uses lasers to read and write data Common types of optical storage devices Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) Digital video disc (DVD) Blu-ray high-definition video disk © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 29 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Solid State Secondary Storage Devices Solid state storage device (SSD) Stores data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical media Advantages Require less power and provide faster access than magnetic data storage devices Have no moving parts, so they are less fragile than hard disk drives A USB flash drive is a common SSD © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 30 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Enterprise Storage Options 1. Attached storage A storage device that is directly connected to a single computer or server It’s typically used for local storage of files and applications 2. Network-attached storage (NAS) A storage device (or a storage server) that is directly connected to a network Each NAS consists of one or several hard disk drives and has its own network address It can be a good option for small businesses and home users © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 31 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Enterprise Storage Options 3. Storage Area Networks (SAN) A high-performance network that is dedicated to storage SANs are typically used by large businesses and enterprises that need high availability and scalability 4. Storage as a Service (Cloud Storage) Storage that is hosted remotely and accessed over the internet - The data storage service provider rents space to individuals and organizations Cloud storage is a convenient and scalable option for businesses of all sizes Cloud-based storage services - For consumers: Apple iCloud, Dropbox, Google Drive, and Microsoft OneDrive - For enterprises: Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) allows subscribers to upload, store, and download data © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 32 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Input and Output Devices Input and output devices: Allow the user to provide data and instructions to the computer and to receive results from it Are part of a computer’s user interface Organizations should keep their business goals in mind when selecting input and output devices Specialized functions may be required © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 33 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Input Devices Common Personal Computer Input Devices Keyboard and mouse Motion-Sensing Input Devices Scanning Devices Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Devices © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 34 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Input Devices Card Readers: Magnetic Stripe Cards Chip Cards Contactless Payment Cards Bar-Code Scanners Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Devices Pen Input Devices Touch Screens Biometric Devices Iris Scanner Fingerprint Scanner Heart-Rate Monitor © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 35 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Output Devices Display Screens Used to show output from the computer Two main types of flat displays: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and LED LCD [link] - Uses a backlight source - LCD originally used fluorescent backlights but now transitioned to energy-efficient LEDs, known as LED LCD displays or simply as LCD displays - Advantages over OLED: brightness, cost, and durability OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) - No backlight - Each pixel emits (produces) light independently - OLED enables improved contrast and lower power consumption than LCD and LED LCD Why? Black in OLED is actually black - OLEDs are thinner and lighter © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 36 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Output Devices E-Ink displays in e-book readers E-book readers are equipped with E-Ink (Electronic Ink) displays, which are famous for their their excellent readability even in sunlight, minimal power consumption, and reduced eye strain An electronic book (e-book) is designed to mimic the appearance of printed text on paper while offering benefits like portability and adjustable text size © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 37 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Output Devices Printers and Plotters Two main types of printers - Laser - Inkjet Plotters - They’re used for general design work such as posters and drawings of buildings © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 38 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Output Devices 3D Printers Unlike traditional printers that use document files (e.g., docx and pdf), the 3D printer works with three-dimensional models (a computer file) to create objects Key advantages: - Prototyping - Customization: https://youtu.be/GGbEFn2w8Pg?t=24 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 39 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Multimedia Technologies Haptic Technology Virtual Reality Augmented Reality © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 40 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Haptic Technology Haptic technology, also known as haptics, involves the simulation of touch sensations to enhance user interactions with digital devices By replicating tactile sensations, haptic technology adds a new dimension to user interfaces, making them more intuitive and engaging Demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPnHzQ7qJ2Y Applications: In smartphones Haptic feedback in VR gloves In gaming controllers: PS5 DualSense - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODe4GtbeK44 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 41 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Virtual Reality (VR) A technology that creates a computer-generated environment, simulating a 3D world and blocking out the physical surroundings Users typically wear VR headsets and other devices (such as gloves and vests) to experience and interact with this digital environment Applications: Gaming Education Military training © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 42 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Augmented Reality (AR) AR overlays digital content onto the real world, enhancing the user's environment by providing contextually relevant information Examples⁺: Snapchat filters IKEA Place Pokémon GO New employee training [video] IKEA Place Pokémon GO © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 43 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Computer System Types Single-user computers Portable computers - Wearable computers such as health tracking wrist bands and smart watches - Smartphones - Laptops - Tablets Nonportable (stationary) computers - Desktop computers Multiple-user computers Servers Mainframes Supercomputers © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 44 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Computer System Types General-purpose computers Desktops, laptops, and servers Special-purpose computers Computers used in POS systems Computers in medical imaging devices Computers in aircrafts and automobiles Automotive diagnostic computers ATMs (Automated Teller Machines) © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 45 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Thin Clients Computing devices (either stationary or portable) that rely on a central server for most of their processing and storage needs Key characteristics Minimal local processing and storage Network Dependence Centralized management Examples⁺: A hospital might use thin clients in patient rooms to access electronic health records stored on a central server https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbC0iwjrsC8 Kiosks: https://aflak.com.sa/en/saudi/retail/kiosks © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 46 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Servers Computers employed by many users to perform a specific task/service Web server Designed to deliver web content DNS server (Domain Name System) Converts human-readable domain names (e.g., www.google.com) into machine- readable IP addresses (e.g., 142.250.189.174) IP addresses are used by computers to locate each other on the internet Mail server Responsible for sending, receiving, and storing email messages File server Responsible for storing, managing, and sharing files and data with networked clients © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 47 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Servers Tower server: A standalone server unit that resembles traditional desktop computer towers Rack server: A standard servers designed to be mounted in a standard server rack Source: https://community.fs.com/blog/server-types-rack-server-vs-blade-server-vs-tower-server.html © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 48 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Mainframes Mainframe computer: a large, powerful computer (server) designed to process a large number of transactions at the same time while ensuring a high level of reliability Key advantages: Reliability: mainframes are engineered for minimal downtime Mainframes can handle a large number of transactions at a single time - Example: credit card transactions © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 49 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Mainframes⁺ IBM is a leading mainframe manufacturer IBM z13 mainframe is capable of processing 2.5 billion transactions per day Pricing for the IBM z15 depends on configuration and can cost as high as $4 million Z stands for zero downtime Applications: Processing payroll for millions of employees at over 610,000 companies UPS, which tracks the route of 18 million packages each day in 200 countries © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 50 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Supercomputers One of the most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speed Supercomputers, like those used by weather forecasters and in AI research, perform complex calculations quickly, aiding weather prediction and advancing AI technologies Most new supercomputers employ GPU chips in addition to CPU chips Examples⁺: Aramco’s Dammam-7: to image geophysical resources and to enhance assessments of oil and gas reserves NVIDIA DGX: for deep learning (AI) applications © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 51 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Supercomputers⁺ © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 52 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Supercomputers⁺ As of April 2023, Frontier is the world's fastest supercomputer, becoming the world’ f r t exascale supercomputer. Cost ~ US$600 million (Source: top500.org) © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 53 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Supercomputers⁺ © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 54 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Scalability Scalability: the ability to increase the processing capability Scalability enables the system to handle more users, more data, or more transactions without compromising performance or stability © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 55 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Virtual Server Virtualization: a method of logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers Each logical (virtual) server acts as its own dedicated machine © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 56 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Data Center Data center: a climate-and-access-controlled building or a set of buildings that houses the computer hardware that delivers an organization’s data and information services Tour: https://youtu.be/XZmGGAbHqa0?t=123 Construction considerations for efficient operation Reduced energy especially for cooling Location: areas with milder climates and lower energy rates and land costs © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 57 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Summary Computer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the organization and its supporting information systems © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service 58 or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.