Information Systems Chapter 13
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of parallel conversion?

  • The new system is only tested in a small part of the organization.
  • The old system is entirely replaced by the new system.
  • The new system is implemented in stages.
  • Both the new and old systems operate together for a time. (correct)

    • Which type of system maintenance focuses on preventing system failure?

  • Preventive maintenance (correct)
  • Adaptive maintenance
  • Perfective maintenance
  • Corrective maintenance

    • What is a key feature of rapid application development (RAD)?

  • Emphasizes long-term planning.
  • Focuses on creating extensive documentation.
  • Requires a sequential process without iterations.
  • Utilizes continuous user feedback and swift prototyping. (correct)

    • What does Joint Application Design (JAD) primarily aim to achieve?

    <p>Engage users actively in the development process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration of a sprint in Scrum methodology?

    <p>One month (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maintenance type involves enhancing the system's performance and user interface?

    <p>Perfective maintenance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which development method employs an iterative and flexible approach for project management?

    <p>Agile development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In phased conversion, what is the main approach to implementing a new system?

    <p>Implementing the new system in segments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary consideration companies must address when acquiring new IT applications?

    <p>How much computer code does the company want to write? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary deliverable of the systems analysis phase in the SDLC?

    <p>A set of user requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for acquiring IT applications?

    <p>Customizing the company's own existing software (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the SDLC involves translating design specifications into computer codes?

    <p>Systems Programming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option provides software free of charge?

    <p>Open-source software (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the systems testing phase?

    <p>To eliminate errors and bugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does offshoring refer to in the context of software development?

    <p>Utilizing external entities in distant countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of purchasing off-the-shelf software?

    <p>There are various options available to suit different needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase is the system converted from an old computer system to a new one?

    <p>Systems Implementation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the systems design phase primarily describe?

    <p>How the system will resolve the business problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one alternative to traditional software development methods?

    <p>Using application service providers (ASP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes nearshore outsourcing?

    <p>Collaborating with nearby countries for software services. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'user interfaces' refer to in the context of systems design specifications?

    <p>The interactions between users and the system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of development might be carried out by end users in an organization?

    <p>End-user development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kinds of documentation are included in the deliverables of the systems design phase?

    <p>Screen layouts and process diagrams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the SDLC primarily focuses on verifying that the system meets business requirements?

    <p>Systems Testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of purchased software for a company?

    <p>It might not exactly meet the company’s needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

    <p>Systems Investigation or Planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following identifies potential project solutions during the Systems Investigation/Planning phase?

    <p>Develop a new system or modify the existing one. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of relying on purchased software from a vendor?

    <p>The purchasing company lacks intimate knowledge of the software's functionalities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which team member is primarily responsible for discussing user requirements in the SDLC?

    <p>Systems Analysts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feasibility study assesses whether the technology required for a project is obtainable?

    <p>Technical Feasibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk associated with relying on third-party software vendors?

    <p>Vendors may discontinue a product or go out of business. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the SDLC, which phase follows Systems Programming?

    <p>Systems Testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of daily scrums in a scrum team?

    <p>To assess progress within a time-boxed meeting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes end-user development (EUD)?

    <p>Activities that enable non-professionals to program computers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is primarily recognized as a common end-user development application?

    <p>Microsoft Excel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DevOps aim to achieve in software development?

    <p>Shift ownership of the production environment to developers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of software development, what does the term SDLC stand for?

    <p>Systems Development Life Cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the main focus of DevOps practices?

    <p>Automation of build, test, and release processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of 'no code' platforms in end-user development?

    <p>They allow app development without programming knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of end-user programming (EUP)?

    <p>It empowers users to create programs through simple tools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Acquiring IT Applications

    The process of obtaining information systems and applications for use in a business.

    Purchase (prewritten application)

    Buying a software application designed and developed by a vendor.

    Customize (a prewritten application)

    Modifying an existing software application from a vendor to meet specific needs.

    Lease (application)

    Using a vendor's application, often a subscription service, via a service provider.

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    Open-source software

    Free software with source code available for anyone to use and modify.

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    Outsourcing

    Using an external entity to perform software development tasks.

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    End-user development

    Development of software by non-IT staff within an organization.

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    Buy Option Advantages

    Availability of various software types, trial options, and faster implementation.

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    What is the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?

    A structured process for developing information systems, from planning to maintenance.

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    What are the SDLC stages?

    They are Systems Investigation/Planning, Systems Analysis, Systems Design, Systems Programming, Systems Testing, Systems Implementation, and Systems Maintenance.

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    Systems Investigation/Planning

    The initial phase of SDLC, establishing the project's high-level plan, goals, and exploring potential solutions.

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    Systems Analysis

    In SDLC, this stage involves understanding the current system, gathering requirements, and defining the new system's features.

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    Systems Design

    During SDLC, this stage involves creating the blueprints for the new system, including architecture, data flow, and interfaces.

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    Systems Programming

    In this SDLC stage, developers write the code for the new system, based on the design specifications.

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    Systems Testing

    This SDLC stage involves rigorously testing the developed system to ensure it meets requirements and performs as intended.

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    Systems Implementation

    The final stage of SDLC where the newly developed system is deployed, users are trained, and the old system is replaced.

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    SDLC: Systems Analysis

    The process of analyzing end-user needs and refining project goals into defined functions and operations for the intended system.

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    SDLC: Systems Design

    Creating a detailed blueprint of how the system will solve the business problem, outlining features, operations, screen layouts, and processes.

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    SDLC: Systems Programming

    Transforming the design into actual computer codes using programming languages.

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    SDLC: Systems Testing

    Eliminating errors and bugs by bringing all parts of the project together in a testing environment.

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    SDLC: Systems Implementation

    Converting from an old system to the new one, placing the system into production for real-world use.

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    What is the purpose of Systems Analysis?

    To understand user needs and define the system's functions and operations.

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    What is the goal of Systems Design?

    To create a detailed blueprint of how the system will work, including features and operations.

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    What is the purpose of Systems Testing?

    To find and fix errors in the system before releasing it to users.

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    Direct Conversion

    Replacing the old system entirely with the new system at once.

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    Pilot Conversion

    Implementing the new system in a small part of the organization first, before full deployment.

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    Phased Conversion

    Introducing the new system in stages, gradually replacing parts of the old system.

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    Parallel Conversion

    Running the new system and old system simultaneously until the new system is fully tested.

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    Corrective Maintenance

    Fixing design flaws or bugs in the system.

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    Adaptive Maintenance

    Modifying the system to adapt to changes in functionality or user needs.

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    Perfective Maintenance

    Improving the system's performance, efficiency, or user interface.

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    Preventive Maintenance

    Taking steps to prevent system failure or downtime.

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    What are daily scrums?

    Daily scrums are short, time-boxed meetings (usually 15 minutes) where a scrum team assesses progress and identifies any roadblocks in the daily work.

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    What is End-User Development?

    End-user development allows non-programmers to create their own applications using tools like Microsoft Excel with macros, game engines like RPG Maker, or 'no code' platforms.

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    What does DevOps stand for?

    DevOps combines 'development' and 'operations' in the software world, striving to improve and speed up the creation and deployment of software.

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    What is the aim of DevOps?

    DevOps aims to shift responsibility for application production environments from traditional IT teams to the developers themselves, allowing for more automation.

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    What is the core objective of DevOps?

    DevOps focuses on automating as many tasks as possible in the development, testing, and release of software to improve efficiency.

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    How does DevOps relate to SDLC?

    While SDLC focuses on the design and development process, DevOps aims to streamline and improve the entire software lifecycle, including production and deployment.

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    What is the key difference between SDLC and DevOps?

    SDLC emphasizes the design and construction of software, while DevOps focuses on efficient management and delivery of the software.

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    What are some benefits of DevOps?

    DevOps aims to reduce development time, make it faster to deploy new versions of software, and make the software development process more responsive to changes.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Information Systems - Chapter 13

    • Chapter 13 focuses on acquiring information systems and applications.
    • Learning objectives include discussing business decisions in application acquisitions, enumerating tasks and importance of six systems development life cycle (SDLC) processes, and describing alternative development methods and tools.
    • The chapter outline consists of strategies for acquiring IT applications, the traditional SDLC, and alternative systems development methods.

    Strategies for Acquiring IT Applications

    • Fundamental decisions include:
      • Amount of custom code required.
      • Funding method for the application.
      • Application deployment location.
    • Options include purchasing pre-written applications, customizing pre-written applications, leasing applications (using ASPs or SaaS vendors), and utilizing open-source software.
    • Outsourcing may be involved, including onshore, nearshore, and offshore approaches.
    • End-user development is another method using in-house personnel without specialized IT skills.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Purchasing Software

    • Advantages:
      • Variety of pre-written software options.
      • Can evaluate the software before purchasing.
      • Potential to save significant development time.
      • Clearer understanding of the software before investment.
      • May eliminate the need to hire dedicated project personnel.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Software may not perfectly meet specific needs.
      • Modifying or adjusting software may be complex or impossible, requiring significant business process changes.
      • Limited control over enhancements and new versions of the purchased software
      • Integration with other existing systems can be challenging.
      • Risk of vendor discontinuation or company bankruptcy.
      • Lacks in-depth understanding of the software functionality by the purchasing company.

    Application Service Provider (ASP) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

    • ASPs and SaaS vendors deliver application services and software via a subscription service model.
    • (Illustrative diagrams showing the operation of an ASP and SaaS vendor)

    Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

    • The SDLC is a sequential process for developing information systems.
    • SDLC stages:
      • Investigation/Planning
      • Analysis
      • Design
      • Programming
      • Testing
      • Implementation
      • Maintenance (Mnemonic: PADPTIM)

    SDLC Phases

    • Systems Investigation/Planning:
      • High-level project plan and goal setting.
      • Brainstorming potential solutions.
      • Feasibility studies (technical, economic, behavioral).
      • Steering committee support.
      • Change agent selection.
    • Systems Analysis:
      • Investigating and analyzing user needs and refining project goals.
      • Defining system functions and operations.
      • The deliverable is a set of system requirements.
    • Systems Design:
      • Describing how the system resolves the business problem.
      • Defining features, operations, and documentation such as screen layouts, business rules, and process diagrams.
      • Deliverables include technical specifications such as outputs, inputs, calculations, processing, and user interfaces; hardware, software, databases, telecommunications; personnel and procedures; and an integration blueprint.
    • Systems Programming:
      • Transforming design documents into an actual system.
      • Programming involves translating design specifications into computer code.
      • Programming languages are used to create programs/systems.
    • Systems Testing:
      • Bringing all components together in a testing environment.
      • Evaluating whether computer codes meet expectations by producing intended results and identifying errors for debugging.
    • Systems Implementation:
      • Converting an old system to a new one.
      • Placing the system into production.
      • Strategies for implementation may include direct, pilot, phased, and parallel conversion.
    • Systems Maintenance:
      • Performing necessary changes and updates in the system.
      • Types of maintenance: Corrective, adaptive, perfective, and preventive.

    Alternative Systems Development Methods

    • Joint Application Design (JAD):

      • A fact-finding technique.
      • Brings users into the development process as active participants.
      • Used in describing software development practices during the mid-1970s.

    • Rapid Application Development (RAD):

      • A methodology for fast application development using an iterative process.
      • Uses continuous user feedback and produces rapid prototypes.

    • Agile Development (e.g., Scrum):

      • An iterative and flexible approach to project management.
      • Scrum is for agile team collaboration. Teams work in short time-boxed iterations (called sprints) of up to one month, typically two weeks long. Progress is tracked via daily 15-minute stand-up meetings.

    • End-user development (EUD):

      • Enables users who aren't professional developers to create software.
      • Tools like Microsoft Excel allow end users to do this.

    • DevOps:

      • Combines development and IT operations.
      • Automates software development and IT operations to improve and shorten the SDLC.
      • Aims to shift application production environment ownership from IT to developers.

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    Related Documents

    Introduction to Information Systems PDF

    Description

    Chapter 13 delves into the critical strategies for acquiring information systems and applications. It covers business decisions related to application acquisitions, the significance of the systems development life cycle, and various development methods. Learn about funding methods, custom coding needs, and the different options available for application deployment.

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