Information Systems and Stakeholders

• A system is a set of interrelated components working together to achieve a goal.
• An information system (IS) consists of people, data, processes, and technology. Together they collect, process, and store information.
• Information technology (IT) is the combination of computer hardware, software, and telecommunications.

Stakeholders in System Development

• Stakeholders are anyone with an interest in the system (both internal and external, technical and non-technical).
• System owners fund the system and oversee its development.
• System users interact with the system, these can be internal users such as employees and managers, or external ones like customers and suppliers.
• System designers and builders develop and implement the system based on user requirements.
• System analysts study business problems and propose technical solutions.

System Development Approaches

• The traditional Waterfall SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) consists of sequential phases, including analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance.
• Issues with the Waterfall method are difficulty in backtracking, high costs for changes, and limited user involvement.
• Agile development focuses on adaptability, collaboration, and iterative development.
• The Agile Manifesto prioritizes individuals and interactions over processes and tools.
• Agile development values working software over documentation.
• Customer collaboration is more important than contract negotiation in Agile.
• Agile favors responding to change over strictly following a plan.

Agile Methods

• Extreme Programming (XP) uses short development cycles, paired programming, and continuous testing.
• Scrum uses small teams, iterative sprints, and daily stand-up meetings.

Modern System Development Methodologies

• Object-Oriented Analysis & Design (OOAD) uses objects (data + behavior) for software design.
• Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an iterative system development that consists of four phases which are inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
• DevOps merges development and operations for continuous delivery.
• CRISP-DM & DASC-PM are frameworks for data science and analytics projects.

Business & Technology Drivers

• Business drivers include globalization, e-commerce & e-business, security & privacy, and collaboration.
• Globalization requires systems to support multiple languages, currencies, and regulations.
• E-commerce and e-business transactions impact system design.
• There is an increasing focus on cybersecurity due to security and privacy needs.
• Companies must integrate their systems for efficiency through collaboration.
• Technology drivers include networks & internet, mobile & wireless tech, object technologies and enterprise applications.
• Networks and the internet are the foundation for modern systems.
• Systems must support remote access and small screens due to mobile and wireless technologies.
• Object technologies promote reusable and extensible software design.
• Enterprise applications include ERP (integrated business software) and EAI (connects different systems).

System Development Process

• System initiation involves defining project scope, goals, and budget.
• System analysis involves identifying business needs and requirements.
• System design involves creating the technical architecture and system specifications.
• System implementation includes building, testing, and deploying the system.

Project & Process Management

• Project management is the planning, monitoring, and controlling of development projects.
• Process management involves continuous improvement of methodologies and standards.