Information Processing Cycle

• Data is raw, unprocessed facts like numbers, dates and text strings that don't have meaning on their own
• Information is processed, organized data which is actionable and useful for making decisions.

Information Processing Cycle

• Raw data transforms into meaningful information through this cycle
• Input involves collecting raw data from various sources, using methods like manual entry, sensors, surveys, and automatic data capture
• Processing converts raw data into meaningful information using computational and analytical methods like sorting, classifying, calculating, summarizing and analyzing data
• Storage saves data and information for future use in temporary (RAM, cache) or permanent (hard drives, cloud storage) forms
• Storage ensures data integrity and availability for ongoing processing needs
• Output delivers processed information in a readable format like reports, visualizations, dashboards, printouts, and digital displays
• The output must be clear and relevant to support decision-making

Importance of Data and Information

• Understanding the difference between data and information, and the steps in the information processing cycle is crucial for leveraging data effectively in various domains

Computer Components

• These components work together to make devices function

Input devices

• Input devices communicate commands or input data:
• Keyboard is used to type text and commands
• Mouse is used to point, click, and interact with the screen
• Scanner converts physical documents into digital files
• Microphone captures audio

Output devices

• Output devices show the results of processed input
• Monitor displays everything from the desktop background to videos
• Printer provides physical copies of documents
• Speakers reproduce sounds such as music and notification alerts
• Projector shares a screen with a larger audience

System Unit

• The system unit is the core of a computer
• CPU (Central Processing Unit) handles calculations and processes instructions
• RAM (Random Access Memory) temporarily stores data and instructions for quick access
• Motherboard connects all parts, enabling communication

Storage Devices

• Storage devices hold computer data
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) stores data on spinning disks, retaining data when the power is off
• Solid State Drive (SSD) offers faster storage without moving parts, making it more reliable
• USB Flash Drive is portable for transferring files
• Optical Discs (CDs, DVDs) use laser technology to read and write data

Communication Devices

• Enables computer connection to the internet/other devices
• Modem converts digital data into signals that can be sent over the internet and vice versa
• Network Interface Card (NIC) connects computers to a network via wired or wireless connection
• Router directs traffic between networks, such as the internet and a home network
• Bluetooth Adapter enables wireless connections over short distances

Types of Software

• Software provides instructions for the computer, and makes the hardware function

System Software

• This manages hardware components:
• Operating Systems (OS) manages everything from the CPU to memory to storage and provides the user interface (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux)
• Utility Programs maintain system by scanning for viruses, cleaning up unnecessary files, and managing system resources

Application Software

• Application Software is designed for specific tasks:
• Productivity Software such as Microsoft Office or Google Workspace is used for documents, spreadsheets, and presentations
• Multimedia Software such as Adobe Photoshop or VLC Media Player is used for editing photos, watching videos, or listening to music
• Communication Software such as Gmail, Slack, and Zoom is used for emailing, messaging, or video chatting
• Database Software such as MySQL or Oracle is used to manage and organize large amounts of information

Categories of Computer

• These different types of computers serve specific purposes

Supercomputers

• Supercomputers handle complex and vast data at high speeds
• Supercomputers are usually found in weather forecasting centers, scientific research facilities, and cryptography labs

Mainframes

• Mainframes process massive transactions and data simultaneously, making them ideal for managing databases and enterprise-level software
• Mainframes have robust security, reliability, and scalability

Minicomputers

• Were once popular in the 1960s-1980s as a middle ground between Mainframes and PC
• The minicomputers are now replaced by modern technology

Microcomputers

• Microcomputers (personal computers) are designed for individual use which includes desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones, with a microprocessor (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and an operating system

Mobile Computers

• Mobile computers are portable, compact, lightweight with wireless connectivity options like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular data
• Mobile computers can include smartphones, tablets, and laptops

Servers

• Servers provide resources, services, or data to other computers (clients) over a network
• Servers host websites, and store data

Embedded Computers

• Embedded computers perform specific functions within larger systems or devices (cars, home appliances, medical devices, industrial equipment)
• They provide efficiency, reliability, and real-time performance

Network

• Network is a group of connected computers and devices
• LAN (Local Area Network) is a small, secure network in a single building
• WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large area like different cities or countries
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) connects users in a city or large campus

Internet

• Internet is a massive, global network connecting smaller networks
• Protocols like TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) ensure data is received correctly. Used for Email, Web Browsing, File Sharing and Online Collaboration

World Wide Web (WWW)

• A system of information (websites)
• The WWW uses technologies like HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) to deliver multimedia content, documents, and other resources

Usage of Internet

• Communication is enhanced using instant messaging, email, social media platforms, and video conferencing, helping collaboration and relationships

Research Access to Information

• Search Engines such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo provide access to research and how-to guides
• Educational Resources provide access to articles, videos, and courses

E-commerce (E-shop)

Is where shopping is made easier through online purchases, price comparison, reviews, and exclusive deals

Banking and Financial Services

• Allow online banking, easy financial management, track payments, and invest

Entertainment

• Is streamlined through streaming services, gaming, social media and content creation

Green Computing

• Reducing energy consumption turns off devices, uses energy-saving modes, and investing in energy-efficient hardware
• Resource optimization uses virtualization and cloud computing for efficient hardware and energy use
• E-waste Management safely disposes/recycles electronics to prevent pollution and recover materials
• Sustainable Manufacturing chooses eco-friendly materials and reduces hazardous substances