Information Privacy Chapter 5

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Questions and Answers

What type of right is privacy considered to be?

A fundamental right

A universal right

An inherent right

A prudential right (correct)

What is one challenge of modern life related to privacy?

Traveling alone in vehicles

Living with extended families

Increased public entertainment

Establishing reputations among strangers (correct)

What is a potential negative consequence of secretly monitoring nannies?

Improved child care quality

Reduced child safety

Increased job satisfaction

Higher turnover rates (correct)

Under social contract theory, why was the Sullivans' action considered wrong?

It violated the nanny's expectation of privacy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a remedy for privacy challenges in modern life?

Establishing credentials Signup and view all the answers

What was one potential positive outcome of monitoring nannies?

Increased trust from parents Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios might lead to reduced quality of care from nannies?

Increased monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Facebook tags?

To label individuals in photos Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum location tracking accuracy required from cell phone providers in the United States?

Within 100 meters Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential ethical concern regarding enhanced 911 services?

Selling or sharing personal location information Signup and view all the answers

How do rewards programs generally benefit shoppers?

By providing personalized service and savings Signup and view all the answers

What feature of 3-D body scanners in department stores is highlighted?

They recommend clothing based on measurements Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary advantage of using RFID tags over traditional bar codes?

They are more easily scanned and can hold more information Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises if RFID tags cannot be removed or disabled?

They can be used to track individuals Signup and view all the answers

How do RFID tags benefit inventory processes in organizations?

They make inventory faster and reduce errors Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concern regarding the facial recognition feature used by Facebook for tagging?

The potential for incorrect tagging Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of forming Cambridge Analytica?

To assist conservative candidates and causes using data analytics Signup and view all the answers

How did Aleksandr Kogan gather data about American voters?

By creating a survey app that required Facebook login Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the data collected by Cambridge Analytica?

Data was used to create psychographic profiles of voters Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Cambridge Analytica employ for political campaigns?

Microtargeting advertisements based on psychographic profiles Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of Facebook to the data sharing controversy involving Cambridge Analytica?

Facebook stated users consented to the data sharing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the implanted microchip in dogs in Taiwan?

To return lost dogs to their owners Signup and view all the answers

Which company specializes in analyzing data collected from mobile apps?

Flurry Signup and view all the answers

What information can be accessed by an app developer when using Facebook Login?

User's profile information including name and location Signup and view all the answers

What feature does OnStar provide to its subscribers?

Security, navigation, and emergency services Signup and view all the answers

What data does a car's black box typically maintain?

Speed of car and seat belt status Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of switching to electronic medical records?

Faster sharing of information among caregivers Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of RFID tags approved for use in humans?

They can be used as a debit card Signup and view all the answers

How long does a black box maintain data after an incident?

Five seconds Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is commonly sold by mobile apps to advertisers?

User's location information Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge of storing information electronically?

More difficult control over information dissemination Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the ads shown to users on Facebook?

User's relationship status and job title Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Netflix Prize?

To find a better algorithm for predicting user ratings Signup and view all the answers

What led to a public outcry regarding the AOL Search Dataset?

Users were easily identifiable from their search queries. Signup and view all the answers

What were consumers' reactions to Lotus Development Corporation's plan to sell a CD with household information?

They complained about the invasion of privacy. Signup and view all the answers

What action did Netflix take after the controversy surrounding the Netflix Prize?

They canceled the sequel to the Netflix Prize. Signup and view all the answers

What did researchers learn from the datasets released by Netflix and AOL?

A little more information can make ratings identifiable. Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence for Dr. Chowdhury after the AOL Search Dataset incident?

He was fired from AOL. Signup and view all the answers

What type of information did Netflix release for the prize challenge?

User ratings without private information Signup and view all the answers

What was the nature of the dataset that Lotus Development Corporation planned to sell?

Information on 120 million Americans for mailing lists Signup and view all the answers

What outcome occurred after the public reaction to AOL's dataset?

The dataset was removed but replicated elsewhere. Signup and view all the answers

What is privacy primarily related to?

Knowledge about a person's background Signup and view all the answers

How might excessive individual privacy negatively impact society?

It can hide illegal activities Signup and view all the answers

What does data mining often create for marketers?

Detailed profiles of individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential harm of privacy according to the content?

It can burden the nuclear family Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a view on privacy?

Too much privacy can hinder societal understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What might be a downside to organizations collecting personal information?

It can lead to consumer distrust. Signup and view all the answers

How can the concept of privacy serve as a double-edged sword?

It can hide dysfunctional families. Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of privacy for individuals?

It enhances creativity and focus. Signup and view all the answers

Which description aligns with the historical view of privacy in Europe?

The home is regarded as a sanctuary. Signup and view all the answers

What did Warren and Brandeis define as the essential aspect of privacy?

The right to be let alone. Signup and view all the answers

Which argument is presented against the natural right to privacy?

Defining privacy is problematic and ambiguous. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Coercive Acts contribute to in American privacy rights?

The creation of the 3rd Amendment. Signup and view all the answers

How did Warren's experience with the newspaper coverage affect privacy rights?

It highlighted the need for privacy protections. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of defining privacy too narrowly?

It could lead to less legal protection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with defining privacy too broadly?

It may overlap with other rights like assault. Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'a man's home is his castle' imply?

Homes are places of safety and privacy. Signup and view all the answers

What implication arises from the rule allowing secret monitoring of employees?

It makes secret monitoring impractical if universalized. Signup and view all the answers

How do virtue ethics evaluate the Sullivans' decision to monitor the nanny?

It portrays them as possessing good parental characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a public record?

Criminal records. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the implanted microchip in dogs in Taiwan?

To contain the owner's contact information Signup and view all the answers

What has facilitated easier access to public records?

Digitalization of records. Signup and view all the answers

What service does OnStar provide to its subscribers?

Emergency, security, navigation, and diagnostics Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is commonly disclosed by private organizations?

Loyalty card purchases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technologies is used for privacy implications from data gathering?

Digital video recorders. Signup and view all the answers

What type of data do modern automobiles' black boxes typically maintain?

Speed of car and brake pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of electronic medical records over paper-based records?

Faster sharing of information among caregivers Signup and view all the answers

How should parents ideally approach monitoring a nanny according to virtue ethics?

Monitor only if concerns arise. Signup and view all the answers

What common concern arises from the use of body scanners?

Invasion of personal privacy. Signup and view all the answers

Which application type is known for collecting and selling location information to advertisers?

Mobile games and flashlight applications Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary usage of RFID tags?

Facilitating inventory processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an implication of online loyalty programs?

Tracking customer behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Why might monitoring nannies lead to a higher turnover rate?

It negatively impacts their job satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What privacy expectation did the nanny have regarding her time inside the Sullivan home?

Some privacy while caring for the child. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key conclusion regarding the Sullivans' secret monitoring of their nanny?

It violated the nanny's privacy rights. Signup and view all the answers

What emotional impact might monitoring have on nannies while they are working?

It causes increased stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential social challenge of modern life related to privacy?

Living with fewer extended family members. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is likely to be considered when evaluating the consequences of monitoring nannies?

Improved behavior from nannies due to monitoring. Signup and view all the answers

What approach might be taken to establish a reputation in modern society?

Performance-based evaluations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of granting privacy rights in society?

A potential decrease in transparency of actions. Signup and view all the answers

Under rule utilitarian evaluation, why was monitoring nannies deemed wrong?

The potential harm outweighed the benefits. Signup and view all the answers

What does privacy, as discussed, most accurately represent?

A prudential right with societal benefits. Signup and view all the answers

What change did Facebook make to its advertising policy after an online campaign from MoveOn.org?

Switched to an opt-in policy for users Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the quick halt of the cell phone tracking study at the malls in 2011?

There was significant public protest against the study Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the discovery that Path was uploading iPhone address books?

The app was rewritten and CEO apologized Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant concern raised regarding Instagram's proposed changes to its terms of service in late 2012?

Photos could be used in advertisements without user permission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors was criticized across multiple apps like Twitter and Foursquare in 2012?

Uploading users' address books without permission Signup and view all the answers

How does privacy contribute to an individual's personal development?

It allows individuals to grow intellectually and spiritually. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of privacy is highlighted by Warren and Brandeis?

The legal system's role in protecting the right to be let alone. Signup and view all the answers

Which argument does Judith Jarvis Thomson present against a defined right to privacy?

Privacy rights are always in conflict with other rights. Signup and view all the answers

What historical view of privacy is associated with English common law?

A person's home is viewed as their sanctuary. Signup and view all the answers

What concern does the definition of privacy as 'the right to be let alone' present?

It is too narrow and does not encompass forms of invasive observation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of privacy mentioned in the content?

Helps in maintaining social norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Coercive Acts (1773) in relation to privacy rights?

They prompted the creation of the 3rd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Signup and view all the answers

What role does facial recognition play in Facebook tagging?

It suggests names of friends appearing in photos. Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with the enhanced 911 services related to cell phone tracking?

Potential unauthorized selling or sharing of location data. Signup and view all the answers

How do rewards programs typically use customer data?

To provide personalized shopping experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of 3-D body scanners in department stores?

They can recommend clothes based on scanned measurements. Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do RFID tags offer over traditional bar codes?

RFID tags can be scanned more easily and contain more information. Signup and view all the answers

What issue may arise if RFID tags cannot be removed or disabled?

They could gather personal data on customers perpetually. Signup and view all the answers

In what way can body scanners contribute to clothing shopping?

They provide a virtual fitting room experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern regarding the use of facial recognition for tagging in social media?

It could increase the chances of improper tagging. Signup and view all the answers

How do RFID tags improve inventory processes?

They enable quicker inventory checks with fewer errors. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Privacy Checkup feature enable users to do?

Limit the information Google saves about activities Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves asking people to rank their preferences in collaborative filtering?

Explicit method Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'opt-in' and 'opt-out' regarding information sharing?

Opt-in requires permission before sharing, while opt-out allows sharing until stated otherwise Signup and view all the answers

How did Target utilize data mining to predict pregnant customers?

By identifying purchasing patterns related to specific products Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data mining method observes behavior rather than directly asking for input?

Implicit method Signup and view all the answers

Why do direct marketing organizations often prefer an 'opt-out' model?

It allows for broader data collection without initial consent Signup and view all the answers

Which item was commonly found in Target's predictive mailings to expectant parents?

Diapers and baby clothes Signup and view all the answers

What information does Google pause collection of during a Privacy Checkup?

Location data and search queries Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of consumer behavior does collaborative filtering specifically analyze?

The preferences and choices of large groups Signup and view all the answers

How do organizations typically handle consumer transaction information in an 'opt-in' scenario?

They must obtain explicit consent from consumers before sharing Signup and view all the answers

What feature of implanted microchips for dogs in Taiwan helps reunite lost pets with their owners?

Containing the owner's name and address Signup and view all the answers

How do mobile applications typically use location information?

To sell it to advertisers and data brokers Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do electronic medical records have over paper-based records?

Faster access and lower sharing costs Signup and view all the answers

What services does OnStar provide to its subscribers?

Emergency, security, navigation, and diagnostics services Signup and view all the answers

What data is recorded by an automobile's black box?

Speed of the car and seat belt status Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential use of RFID tags approved for humans?

Storing medical information Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of Facebook Login for app developers?

To access users' friends list and personal information Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable disadvantage of converting to electronic medical records?

More difficulty controlling data dissemination Signup and view all the answers

What element is essential for the function of OnStar’s communication system?

Two-way communication and GPS Signup and view all the answers

Which mobile app was mentioned as one that collects location information?

Angry Birds Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary response from Facebook regarding user privacy after the backlash from Beacon?

They switched to an opt-in policy. Signup and view all the answers

Which action did the malls take in response to protests against tracking shoppers' cell phones?

They halted the tracking study. Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable result of the privacy violations discovered in 2012 regarding Path and similar apps?

The CEOs publicly apologized and the apps were revised. Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did Instagram announce in late 2012 regarding its terms of service?

They misunderstood new advertising rights. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed most to the public's concern regarding Facebook Beacon?

The automatic enrollment of users in the advertising scheme. Signup and view all the answers

What would be a consequence of universalizing the rule of secret monitoring by employers?

There would be no expectation of privacy by employees. Signup and view all the answers

How can the decision to monitor a nanny be characterized from a virtue ethics perspective?

It demonstrates a characteristic of good parenting. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a public record?

Marriage licenses Signup and view all the answers

What implication does the availability of computerized databases have on public records?

It makes public records easier to access. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following involves voluntary disclosures of personal information?

Posts to social network sites Signup and view all the answers

What is a key ethical concern surrounding body scanners in public places?

The potential for misuse of personal images. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a common practice of data gathering in modern life?

Utilizing customer loyalty programs for tracking purchases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Privacy Checkup in relation to personal information?

To pause the collection of personal information Signup and view all the answers

Which method of collaborative filtering involves tracking purchase history?

Implicit method Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between opt-in and opt-out approaches regarding consumer information?

Opt-in requires consumer consent before sharing, while opt-out allows sharing until consent is revoked Signup and view all the answers

What target audience did Target focus on using data mining for promotional strategies?

Pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is commonly used in explicit collaborative filtering methods?

User rankings of preferences Signup and view all the answers

How can organizations using an opt-out policy affect new businesses?

It creates barriers preventing data collection unless opted out Signup and view all the answers

What type of information can be tracked about a user through location data collection?

Trips taken and duration of stay Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of data mining in online retail?

It helps in predicting individual preferences based on collective data Signup and view all the answers

What significant items did Target identify as indicators for pregnant women in their promotional strategies?

Unscented lotion and nutritional supplements Signup and view all the answers

What factor did Facebook utilize to tailor advertisements to users?

Data from partner sources Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant reason for Netflix canceling the sequel to the Netflix Prize?

A U.S. Federal Trade Commission complaint and lawsuit Signup and view all the answers

What oversight led to the public outcry regarding the AOL Search Dataset?

Random integers were deemed insufficient for anonymity Signup and view all the answers

What was the public's reaction to Lotus Development Corporation's planned CD sales?

Over 30,000 complaints about privacy invasion Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence for Dr. Chowdhury following the AOL Search Dataset incident?

He was fired from his position Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary characteristic of the dataset released by Netflix for the contest?

It contained over 100 million movie ratings Signup and view all the answers

Why was the attempt to sell a CD of household information considered a failure?

It sparked significant public complaints Signup and view all the answers

What type of queries were included in the AOL Search Dataset?

Random integers for personal labeling Signup and view all the answers

What was one main concern raised by researchers about the movie ratings from Netflix?

They were not truly anonymous with additional information Signup and view all the answers

What was the main intent behind the development of the CD by Lotus Development Corporation?

To create mailing lists for small businesses Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of having poor credit?

Reduced borrowing options Signup and view all the answers

How do businesses typically create targeted direct mail campaigns?

Using data brokers to gather customer data for personalized mailing lists Signup and view all the answers

What type of data do political campaigns often analyze for microtargeting voters?

Voter registration, voting frequency, and consumer data Signup and view all the answers

How can social network analysis be beneficial for businesses?

It informs promotional strategies by identifying influencers Signup and view all the answers

What can individuals do to manage their privacy on social networks like Facebook?

Adjust privacy settings to restrict audience visibility Signup and view all the answers

In the context of credit reports, what role do credit bureaus play?

They compile and sell credit reports to lenders Signup and view all the answers

What inference might a business make about a customer who frequently dines at fast-food restaurants?

They may have a higher probability of being obese Signup and view all the answers

What strategy do banks often use in conjunction with credit reports to assess creditworthiness?

Combine data from social networks and credit histories Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary purposes of targeted direct mail in marketing?

To tailor advertisements to individuals most likely to buy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about privacy settings on social media platforms is true?

Adjusting privacy settings can minimize who can see shared content Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 5: Information Privacy

This chapter discusses information privacy, including perspectives on privacy, information disclosures, data mining, and examples of consumer or political backlash.
Technology, especially computers, databases, and the internet, has made information collection, exchange, and distribution easier than ever, potentially eroding individual privacy.
Scott McNealy's quote, "You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it," reflects a perspective on the diminished nature of privacy in the digital age.
The tension between the right to privacy and the need to have enough knowledge of others to trust them is explored, along with how organizations collect information about daily activities.
The chapter examines how data mining creates profiles of individuals and how this benefits marketers.
Methods of collecting personal information are explored, including public records like birth certificates, marriage licenses, and criminal records and information held by private organizations, such as credit card purchases, loyalty cards, voluntary disclosures, and social media posts.
The use of data in various applications, such as enhanced 911 service, rewards or loyalty programs, body scanners, RFID tags, implanted chips, mobile apps, and Facebook login and Onstar systems, are discussed.
The concept of "cookies," which are small files placed on a computer's hard drive by a web server to store information about user visits to a website, are examined.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a set of rules for governing information collection in the European Union that requires companies to disclose information and reasons for collection, as well as obtaining user consent.
Data mining is defined as searching records in one or more databases to identify patterns and relationships. This can be used to create profiles of individuals and personalize services for customers.
Google's personalized search uses secondary use of collected data, keeping track of search queries and visited web pages to infer interest and suggestions.
Collaborative filtering is a form of data mining that analyzes information about user preferences to predict what others may prefer.
The question of who controls transaction information (buyer, seller, or both) is raised, and the distinction in privacy between opt-in and opt-out policies is discussed within the ownership of such information.
The "Target"-ing pregnant women case study examines how data mining can be used to predict customer behavior, including purchases of items related to pregnancy.
The concept of credit reports as a form of information about customers that becomes a commodity is discussed, including how credit bureaus track individual assets, debts, and paying-bill histories and how credit is sold to various lenders.
Targeted direct mail is explored as a method of using data to send advertisements only to those most likely to purchase or use the products. This includes an example comparing consumers' shopping habits, frequent fast-food consumption, and subscriptions to premium cable TV with their likelihood of being obese.
Microtargeting in politics, examining how political campaigns target voters most likely to support candidates based on voter registration, voting frequency, consumer data, and geographic information system (GIS) data is explained.
Social network analysis using collected data from social networks to inform decisions is explained with an example of how Bharti Airtel uses influencers to promote special promotions in India.
Ways to control Facebook information are described, including privacy settings and timeline and tagging options.
Case studies, such as the Netflix Prize, AOL Search Dataset, and Cambridge Analytica, are discussed, illustrating privacy issues in specific contexts.
The conclusion in the chapter summarizes modern information technology advancements impacting information collection and transmission and the evolving relationship between personal desires and business motives.
An example of privacy backlash in the real world (Lotus case study) is presented, which describes consumer backlash toward a company's decision to sell personal consumer information.
Other issues in the use of technologies like Facebook Beacon and mall-based tracking using cell phones are detailed and provide some context surrounding privacy infringements.

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Description

Explore the critical concepts of information privacy in Chapter 5, including perspectives on privacy, data mining, and consumer backlash. This chapter highlights the challenges posed by technology in preserving individual privacy and examines the methods organizations use to collect personal data. Discover how these practices impact our trust and the implications of living in a digital age.