Informatics Exam Preparation
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Questions and Answers

What must be established by the team to ensure project timelines are met?

  • Resource allocations
  • Technical specifications
  • Project schedule with milestones (correct)
  • Budget constraints

Which of the following is NOT a source of change in a project?

  • New stakeholders' needs/demand
  • Technological upgrades (correct)
  • Budgetary/scheduling constraints
  • Reorganization/business growth or downsizing

Which element is part of the configuration system as defined by Susan Dart?

  • Financial elements
  • Human elements (correct)
  • Environmental elements
  • Cultural elements

What is a key characteristic of effective metrics?

<p>Simple and computable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do key performance indicators (KPIs) serve in project management?

<p>They track performance and trigger remedial actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of project responsibilities, which of the following statements is correct?

<p>Some responsibilities are for stakeholders and users. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the characteristics of product quality according to the ISO 25010 standard?

<p>Performance efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which task is NOT included in the five tasks of software configuration management (SCM)?

<p>Budget management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT have an impact on project priorities?

<p>Personal preferences of team members (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines personal information (PI)?

<p>Details about identifiable, living, natural persons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the risk management process?

<p>Risk identification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity is focused on early discovery of errors in software quality assurance?

<p>Audits and reviews (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of data subject participation in processing personal information?

<p>To grant rights related to the processed information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step follows risk prioritization in the risk assessment process?

<p>Risk mitigation planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the software change approval process, what must be evaluated?

<p>The change's impact on the project's scope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does verification in software development refer to?

<p>Confirming that functions are implemented correctly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of leaders in modeling the way for their team?

<p>To show commitment through shared sacrifice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of performance efficiency in software quality?

<p>Resource utilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the Risk Management Framework (RMF)?

<p>Monitor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT identified as contributing to project delays?

<p>Frequent team meetings and reviews (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key practices that encourage team members to take risks?

<p>Creating opportunities for small successes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can leaders enable others to act within a team setting?

<p>By sharing decision making and goal setting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect can continuous exposure to failure have on a team?

<p>Loss of confidence and lower morale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of a software project can significantly impact team structure?

<p>The expected quality and reliability of the system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common human difficulty that affects project timelines?

<p>Emotional conflicts among team members (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to a toxic team environment?

<p>Fragmented procedures and unclear roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CMMI capability level is characterized as 'defined'?

<p>Level 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic that must be present for effective software processes according to the SPI framework?

<p>Set of characteristics for effective processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the 4Ps management spectrum encompasses stakeholder concerns and team dynamics?

<p>People (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does a proactive risk strategy offer compared to a reactive one?

<p>Better preparedness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category in proactive risk assessment addresses the impact of the overall product size on risk?

<p>Product size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cost category includes formal technical reviews and training?

<p>Prevention cost (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of a reactive risk strategy?

<p>Crisis management issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What encompasses a software quality assurance (SQA) process?

<p>Planning, requirements analysis, design review, code review, and testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of informal reviews compared to formal technical reviews?

<p>Less preparation and follow-up (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the square process model facilitate in software development?

<p>Prioritizing security requirements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What addresses the risk associated with the technological complexity of a system?

<p>Tech to be built (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT part of the project element in the 4Ps management spectrum?

<p>Quality of the product (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of risk assessment method ensures all potential risk areas are evaluated?

<p>Generic checklist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic that supports assessment of software processes?

<p>Clear definitions of assessment criteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ISO 25010 Product Quality Characteristics

Five characteristics of product quality, focusing on static and dynamic aspects of computer systems, according to ISO 25010 standard.

Privacy Information (PI)

Information related to an identifiable, living person, or juristic person.

Risk Table

A table used to identify, analyze, prioritize, and manage project risks, based on likelihood and impact.

Risk Assessment

Evaluating risks by determining their likelihood of occurrence and potential impact on a project.

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Software Scope Definition

Describing the functions, features, data, content, performance, constraints, and interfaces within software.

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Risk Mitigation Plan

Developing strategies to reduce the likelihood and impact of high-priority risks.

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Verification

Ensuring functions are correctly implemented.

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Validation

Ensuring a software product conforms to the specified requirements.

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Software Quality

The result of effectively applying a software process to produce a useful product that provides value for both producers and users.

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Project Planning Activities

Activities involved in estimating, scheduling, conducting risk analysis, quality management planning, and change management planning.

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Project justification

Evaluating if the benefits of a project outweigh the costs of resources (people, time, money).

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Project schedule

A plan outlining project tasks and deadlines, with milestones.

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Project roles & responsibilities

Defining who is in charge of what tasks and where responsibilities are located within a project.

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Software Configuration Management (SCM) tasks

Activities involved in managing software configurations (identification, version control, change control, audits, reporting).

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Sources of project change

Factors that can lead to changes in a project's requirements or structure.

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Effective software metrics

Measurable characteristics of software that are simple, computable, persuasive, consistent, objective, and well-defined.

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Measure

Quantitative indication of software attributes (extent, amount, dimension).

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Configuration system elements

Components, processes, construction, and human factors within a configurable system.

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CMMI Capability Levels

Stages of software development maturity, ranging from incomplete (Level 0) to optimized (Level 5), representing increasing process improvement.

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SPI Framework Elements

A set of characteristics, assessment methods, summarizing mechanisms, and implementation strategies for improving software processes.

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4Ps Management Spectrum

A framework for project management, emphasizing people, product, process, and project aspects for successful software development.

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Proactive Risk Strategy

Identifying, assessing, and planning to avoid potential risks before they impact a project.

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Reactive Risk Strategy

Responding to risks after they occur, including mitigation, fixing failures, and crisis management.

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Generic Risk Assessment Categories

Key areas to consider when assessing potential risks in a software project, including product size, business impact, team experience, technology intricacies, and processes.

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SQAM (Software Quality Assurance)

A method of ensuring software meets quality standards through a process that includes planning, analysis, design review, testing, and more, also ensures product compliance.

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Software Quality Costs (Costs of Quality)

Expenses related to preventing, assessing, and dealing with software defects, categorized as prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure costs.

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Informal Review

A less structured review of software work products, often amongst colleagues.

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Formal Technical Review

A well-organized review process involving structured planning, preparation, and review.

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Square Process Model

A model for identifying, categorizing, and prioritizing security requirements for software systems early in the development lifecycle.

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Risk Strategy

Approach to handling risk by either proactively avoiding it or reactively resolving it.

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Technical Debt

The cost of choosing an easier, but less robust or maintainable solution during software development.

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Software Process Improvement

Systematic methods for enhancing efficiency, quality, and effectiveness of a software project.

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Project Delays

Project delays stem from unrealistic deadlines, changing requirements, inadequate resource estimations, unforeseen risks (technical or human), miscommunication, and project management inaction.

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Team Toxicity

Team toxicity arises from frenzied work environments, high frustration, fragmented procedures, unclear roles, repeated failures, and decreased morale.

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Exemplary Practices

Tech leaders must lead by example (Modeling the way), foster vision (Inspiring a shared vision), encourage teamwork (Involving stakeholders), and promote innovation (Challenging the process).

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Software Team Challenges

Project complexity (problem difficulty), program size, team lifespan, modularity degrees, quality demands, the timeline, and communication needs are all related to software team structure.

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Project Risk

Unforeseen challenges, technical difficulties, human issues, and poor communication can severely impact project completion.

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Modeling the Way

Leaders practice what they preach, demonstrating commitment through shared sacrifice, and inspiring team dedication.

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Inspiring a Shared Vision

Leaders encourage team members to align their goals with project objectives.

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Unrealistic Deadlines

External pressures can lead to unrealistic deadlines impacting project planning and execution.

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Study Notes

Informatics Exam Preparation

  • CMMI Capability Levels:
    • Level 0: Incomplete
    • Level 1: Performed
    • Level 2: Managed
    • Level 3: Defined
    • Level 4: Quantitatively Managed
    • Level 5: Optimized

SPI Framework Elements

  • Characteristics Set: A set of characteristics required for an effective software process.
  • Assessment Method: A method for determining if the characteristics are present.
  • Assessment Result Summary: A mechanism for summarizing the results of the assessment.
  • Strategy for Weak Areas: A strategy for improving weak or missing process characteristics.

4Ps Management Spectrum

  • People: The most crucial element of a successful project. Stakeholder concerns and team dynamics (communication, collaboration, skill level) are important.
  • Product: The software being built. Discussions on product requirements, quality (UI, usability, etc.) are important.
  • Process: The framework activities and tasks to complete the job. Process selection and adaptation (Agile, RM).
  • Project: The work required to make the product real. Planning, scheduling, resource constraints, budget, and scope control.

Generic Checklist for Proactive Risk Assessment

  • Comprehensive Coverage: Ensures all potential risk areas are considered.
  • Standardization: Provides a consistent framework for risk assessment across projects.
  • Efficiency: Streamlines risk assessment, saving time and effort.
  • Communication: Facilitates team discussion of risks using shared terms and categories.

Generic Categories

  • Product Size: Risk associated with the overall size of the product.
  • Business Impact: Risk associated with constraints from management or the marketplace.
  • Staff Size and Experience: Risk related to the experience and skill level of the development team.
  • Technology to be Built: Complexity of the system and the newness of the technology used.
  • Process Definition: Degree to which the development process is defined.
  • Development Environment: Availability and quality of tools used.
  • Customer Characteristics: Sophistication of the customer and developer communication ability.

Proactive Risk Strategies

  • Identification and Assessment: Identify potential risks, assess their probability and impact, and rank them by importance.
  • Planning: Establish a plan for managing risks.
  • Contingency Planning: Create a strategy to manage risks that cannot be avoided.
  • Technical Debt Reduction: Helps reduce technical debt.

Reactive Risk Strategies

  • Occurrence-Based Response: Responding to a risk only when it occurs.

Software Quality Assurance (SQA)

  • Quality Assurance Process: Planning, requirements analysis, design reviews, code reviews, and testing.
  • Specific Quality Control Tasks: Specific tasks for quality assurance and control.
  • Effective Software Practices: Controlling all software work products.
  • Standards Compliance: Ensuring compliance with development standards.
  • Measurement and Reporting: Mechanisms for measurement and reporting.

Cost Associated with Software Quality Work

  • Prevention Costs: Costs related to planning, reviews, and training.
  • Appraisal Costs: Costs for checking quality, testing, and calibration.
  • Internal Failure Costs: Costs from defects found and reworked internally.
  • External Failure Costs: Costs related to problems detected after release.

Informal Reviews vs. Formal Reviews

  • Informal Reviews: Casual meetings or desk checks for quick feedback. Less structured than formal reviews.
  • Effectiveness: Informal reviews are less effective than formal reviews due to lack of advanced planning and follow-up.

Square Process Model

  • Purpose: A means to elicit, categorize, and prioritize security requirements for software-intensive systems.
  • Focus: Building security concepts into the early stages of development. Also used for improvements to existing systems.

ISO 25010 Product Quality Characteristics

  • Security: Confidentiality, integrity, accountability, authentication.
  • Reliability: Maturity, availability, fault tolerance, recoverability.
  • Functionality: Completeness, correctness, appropriateness.
  • Compatibility: Coexistence, interoperability.
  • Usability: Appropriateness, learnability, operability, error protection, aesthetics, accessibility.
  • Performance: Efficiency, timing, resources, utilization, capacity.
  • Portability: Adaptability, installability, replaceability.
  • Maintainability: Modularity, reusability, modifiability, testability.

POPIA Principles

  • Data Subject Participation: Data subjects have rights related to data processing.
  • Information Quality: Data must be complete, accurate, up to date and not misleading.
  • Processing Limitations: Processing must be done with consent and be adequate and relevant.
  • Security Safeguards: Steps must be taken to protect data.

Risk Tables

  • Table Components: Risk description, category, probability, impact (1-4).
  • Risk Assessment Process:
    • Risk identification
    • Risk analysis
    • Prioritization : Rank based on severity
    • Risk mitigation planning
    • Monitoring and control: Track changes throughout the project.
  • Likelihood Calculation: Establish a scale(1-4) that reflects the perceived chance of a risk occurring.
  • Consequences Calculation: Detail the consequences associated with each risk.
  • Impact Values: Catastrophic, critical, marginal, negligible are examples of scales used (1-4).
  • Accuracy: Ensure that projections are accurate.

Software Change Approval Process

  • Impact Assessment: Evaluating change impact on project.
  • Error Minimization: Managing change to minimize potential errors.
  • Control: The change control procedure must be signed.

Software Quality Attributes

  • Effective Software Process: Applied effectively leads to a usable product.
  • Measurable Value: A product that is valuable to both producer and user.

Frenzied Work Environment Avoidance

  • Verification and Validation: Correct function implementation and proper requirements.
  • Risk Management Framework: Categorize, select, implement, and assess.

Software Scope Definition

  • Functional and Feature Description: Defines functions and features for end-users.
  • Data Input/Output: Identifies data input and output processes relevant to the software.
  • Content Delivery: Describes content presented to users.
  • Performance, Constraints, Reliability: Details the performance, constraints, and reliability aspects of the software.
  • Defined Using Two Techniques:
    • Narrative Description
    • Use Cases

Project Planning Objectives

  • Major Activities: Estimation, scheduling, risk analysis, quality management plan, change management plan.

Forward Engineering

  • Feasibility Assessment: Why: Is the system's creation justified? What tasks are part of the project? When should the project be accomplished? Who is responsible? Where are responsibilities located? and How will it be done? How much resource will be needed.

Project Risk vs. Technical Risk

  • Project Risks: External factors (business conditions, stakeholder needs, budget/scheduling constraints) that affect priorities and project definition.
  • Technical Risks: Difficulties relating to software development itself (problem to be solved, program size, modularization, project lifetime, quality requirements, and the delivery deadline).

SCM Tasks

  • Identification: Identifying risks and issues.
  • Version Control: Tracking changes and versions.
  • Configuration Management: Managing configurations and dependencies.
  • Audit and Reporting: Auditing and reporting on configurations and risk status.

Metrics, Measures and Indicators

  • Measuring Quantities
  • Metric measures the attribute to which the item belongs
  • Indicators gives insight into the behavior (process, project or product)

Team and Leadership

  • Exemplary Leadership: Modeling the way, inspiring, challenging, enabling, encouraging.
  • Project Delays: Unrealistic deadlines, changing requirements, underestimated effort/resources, unforeseen risks.
  • Team Toxicity: Unproductive work environment, high frustration, poor collaboration, and fragmented processes.

Risk Management Principles

  • Global Perspective: Risk considered within the broad context of the project and organizational strategy.
  • Forward-Looking: Anticipating future potential risks and developing contingency plans.
  • Open Communication: Acknowledging and discussing risks openly.
  • Continuous Process: Continuously update risk management.
  • Shared Product Vision: All stakeholders have a common vision of the software.
  • Teamwork: Utilize the skills of all stakeholders in risk assessment.

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Prepare for your informatics exam with this quiz focusing on CMMI Capability Levels, SPI Framework Elements, and the 4Ps Management Spectrum. Test your knowledge and understanding of essential concepts and frameworks that shape effective software processes.

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