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Questions and Answers
What did Inglehart (1990) find about 'turning points' in life and well-being?
What did Inglehart (1990) find about 'turning points' in life and well-being?
- They only affect negative emotions
- They do not affect well-being much (correct)
- They significantly impact well-being
- They have no impact on emotional reactions
What is the Impact Bias according to Gilbert et al. (2004)?
What is the Impact Bias according to Gilbert et al. (2004)?
- People underestimate the impact of emotional reactions
- People are not influenced by anticipated emotional reactions
- People overestimate the strength and duration of anticipated emotional reactions (correct)
- People accurately predict their emotional reactions to events
What is 'Focalism' in the context of emotional reactions?
What is 'Focalism' in the context of emotional reactions?
- The ability to consider multiple aspects of an event
- The tendency to restrict attention to one aspect of an event (correct)
- The ability to predict emotional reactions accurately
- The tendency to ignore emotional reactions
What is 'Immune neglect' as described in the text?
What is 'Immune neglect' as described in the text?
How do people with more advantaged backgrounds and more money generally relate to happiness?
How do people with more advantaged backgrounds and more money generally relate to happiness?
What did Gilbert et al.'s study in the subway station reveal about forecasters and experiencers?
What did Gilbert et al.'s study in the subway station reveal about forecasters and experiencers?
In the context of age and happiness, what is the Impact Bias related to?
In the context of age and happiness, what is the Impact Bias related to?
What did Inglehart (1990) find about women experiencing menopause?
What did Inglehart (1990) find about women experiencing menopause?
What is the tendency of 'Focalism' as described in the text?
What is the tendency of 'Focalism' as described in the text?
What does 'Immune neglect' neglect according to the text?
What does 'Immune neglect' neglect according to the text?
What happens to people's overall level of long-term happiness?
What happens to people's overall level of long-term happiness?
What did Brickman et al. study in 1978?
What did Brickman et al. study in 1978?
How did accident victims recall their past compared to controls?
How did accident victims recall their past compared to controls?
What do emotions, according to the text, appear to serve?
What do emotions, according to the text, appear to serve?
What is the concept of 'hedonic treadmill' used to illustrate?
What is the concept of 'hedonic treadmill' used to illustrate?
What did the study involving lottery winners and accident victims indicate about their present happiness?
What did the study involving lottery winners and accident victims indicate about their present happiness?
What does the term 'hedonic neutrality' refer to in the text?
What does the term 'hedonic neutrality' refer to in the text?
What does the text suggest about the long-term impact of good and bad events on happiness?
What does the text suggest about the long-term impact of good and bad events on happiness?
What is the main analogy used to describe the overall level of long-term happiness in the text?
What is the main analogy used to describe the overall level of long-term happiness in the text?
What does the study by Brickman et al. suggest about the influence of winning a lottery on well-being?
What does the study by Brickman et al. suggest about the influence of winning a lottery on well-being?
Which factor plays a significant role in stabilizing long-term well-being despite major life events?
Which factor plays a significant role in stabilizing long-term well-being despite major life events?
What does Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about older individuals?
What does Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about older individuals?
According to studies, what is the relationship between income and happiness in richer countries?
According to studies, what is the relationship between income and happiness in richer countries?
What does Maslow's need hierarchy theory explain about individuals' progression?
What does Maslow's need hierarchy theory explain about individuals' progression?
What did Diener et al. (2002) find regarding a cheerful outlook at college entry?
What did Diener et al. (2002) find regarding a cheerful outlook at college entry?
What do heritability studies suggest about individuals' predisposition to happiness?
What do heritability studies suggest about individuals' predisposition to happiness?
What is the immediate effect of unemployment on well-being?
What is the immediate effect of unemployment on well-being?
What is the relationship between happiness and susceptibility to disease?
What is the relationship between happiness and susceptibility to disease?
According to studies, what is the relationship between income and well-being in poor countries?
According to studies, what is the relationship between income and well-being in poor countries?
What do gender differences in experiencing emotions indicate about women?
What do gender differences in experiencing emotions indicate about women?
What does Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about older individuals?
What does Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about older individuals?
What does heritability studies suggest about individuals' predisposition to happiness?
What does heritability studies suggest about individuals' predisposition to happiness?
What did Diener et al. (2002) find regarding a cheerful outlook at college entry?
What did Diener et al. (2002) find regarding a cheerful outlook at college entry?
What is the immediate effect of unemployment on well-being?
What is the immediate effect of unemployment on well-being?
What is the relationship between happiness and susceptibility to disease?
What is the relationship between happiness and susceptibility to disease?
What did Inglehart (1990) find about 'turning points' in life and well-being?
What did Inglehart (1990) find about 'turning points' in life and well-being?
What does Maslow's need hierarchy theory explain about individuals' progression?
What does Maslow's need hierarchy theory explain about individuals' progression?
What is the main analogy used to describe the overall level of long-term happiness in the text?
What is the main analogy used to describe the overall level of long-term happiness in the text?
What did Brickman et al. study in 1978?
What did Brickman et al. study in 1978?
What do gender differences in experiencing negative and positive emotions indicate about women?
What do gender differences in experiencing negative and positive emotions indicate about women?
What did Gilbert et al.'s study in the subway station reveal about forecasters and experiencers?
What did Gilbert et al.'s study in the subway station reveal about forecasters and experiencers?
What did Inglehart (1990) find about women experiencing menopause?
What did Inglehart (1990) find about women experiencing menopause?
What is the tendency of 'Focalism' as described in the text?
What is the tendency of 'Focalism' as described in the text?
What does 'Immune neglect' neglect according to the text?
What does 'Immune neglect' neglect according to the text?
What did Brickman et al. study in 1978?
What did Brickman et al. study in 1978?
What is the relationship between income and well-being in poor countries according to the text?
What is the relationship between income and well-being in poor countries according to the text?
What is the concept of 'hedonic treadmill' used to illustrate?
What is the concept of 'hedonic treadmill' used to illustrate?
What does Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about older individuals?
What does Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest about older individuals?
What is the immediate effect of unemployment on well-being?
What is the immediate effect of unemployment on well-being?
What did Diener et al. (2002) find regarding a cheerful outlook at college entry?
What did Diener et al. (2002) find regarding a cheerful outlook at college entry?
What does the term 'hedonic treadmill' illustrate?
What does the term 'hedonic treadmill' illustrate?
What did the study by Brickman et al. (1978) regarding lottery winners and accident victims indicate about their present happiness?
What did the study by Brickman et al. (1978) regarding lottery winners and accident victims indicate about their present happiness?
What is the relationship between emotions and sensory experiences according to the text?
What is the relationship between emotions and sensory experiences according to the text?
What does the concept of 'hedonic neutrality' refer to in the text?
What does the concept of 'hedonic neutrality' refer to in the text?
What did Brickman et al. (1978) study regarding winning a lottery and being paraplegic suggest about one’s well-being?
What did Brickman et al. (1978) study regarding winning a lottery and being paraplegic suggest about one’s well-being?
What does the text suggest about the overall level of long-term happiness?
What does the text suggest about the overall level of long-term happiness?
What did the study involving lottery winners and accident victims indicate about their recall of past and present happiness?
What did the study involving lottery winners and accident victims indicate about their recall of past and present happiness?
What is the main analogy used to describe the overall level of long-term happiness in the text?
What is the main analogy used to describe the overall level of long-term happiness in the text?
What does the term 'immune neglect' neglect according to the text?
What does the term 'immune neglect' neglect according to the text?
What is the relationship between emotions and sensory experiences according to the text?
What is the relationship between emotions and sensory experiences according to the text?
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Study Notes
Factors Affecting Subjective Well-Being
- Temperament, consisting of activity level, emotionality, and sociability, plays a role in determining general happiness levels.
- Genetic set points play a significant role in stabilizing long-term well-being, leading to little change despite major life events such as divorce or relocation.
- Socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that people prioritize different goals based on their perception of future time horizons, with older individuals focusing on maximizing positive emotional experiences.
- Happiness is not related to age, with every age potentially being as happy as any other. Each phase of life offers opportunities for well-being.
- While studies report moderate to high correlations between income and happiness in richer countries, within poor countries, income and well-being show moderate correlations, shifting to other aspects of life once basic needs are fulfilled.
- Maslow's need hierarchy theory explains that individuals progress upward in the hierarchy as lower needs are satisfied, leading to a shift in the source of happiness.
- Both between-nations and within-nations correlations between income and happiness involve confounding variables, such as the presence of democratic forms of government and individual rights.
- Diener et al. (2002) found that a cheerful outlook at college entry is related to higher future income, potentially due to a "can do" attitude and higher social skills.
- Gender differences in experiencing negative and positive emotions exist, with women more likely to experience internalizing disorders and express intense positive emotions.
- Happiness is associated with longer life, lower susceptibility to disease, and better recovery from illnesses, as well as better mental health.
- Unemployment has immediate negative effects on well-being, increasing the risk for depression, physical illness, and lowered self-esteem.
- Heritability studies suggest that individuals have a genetic predisposition to be happy or unhappy, with genetic influences on personality being indicated by studies on identical and fraternal twins.
Factors Affecting Subjective Well-Being
- Temperament, consisting of activity level, emotionality, and sociability, plays a role in determining general happiness levels.
- Genetic set points play a significant role in stabilizing long-term well-being, leading to little change despite major life events such as divorce or relocation.
- Socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that people prioritize different goals based on their perception of future time horizons, with older individuals focusing on maximizing positive emotional experiences.
- Happiness is not related to age, with every age potentially being as happy as any other. Each phase of life offers opportunities for well-being.
- While studies report moderate to high correlations between income and happiness in richer countries, within poor countries, income and well-being show moderate correlations, shifting to other aspects of life once basic needs are fulfilled.
- Maslow's need hierarchy theory explains that individuals progress upward in the hierarchy as lower needs are satisfied, leading to a shift in the source of happiness.
- Both between-nations and within-nations correlations between income and happiness involve confounding variables, such as the presence of democratic forms of government and individual rights.
- Diener et al. (2002) found that a cheerful outlook at college entry is related to higher future income, potentially due to a "can do" attitude and higher social skills.
- Gender differences in experiencing negative and positive emotions exist, with women more likely to experience internalizing disorders and express intense positive emotions.
- Happiness is associated with longer life, lower susceptibility to disease, and better recovery from illnesses, as well as better mental health.
- Unemployment has immediate negative effects on well-being, increasing the risk for depression, physical illness, and lowered self-esteem.
- Heritability studies suggest that individuals have a genetic predisposition to be happy or unhappy, with genetic influences on personality being indicated by studies on identical and fraternal twins.
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