PAtho Exam 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the main role of sensitized T lymphocytes in the body?

  • They enhance blood clotting.
  • They produce antibodies.
  • They act as a specific defense mechanism. (correct)
  • They increase inflammation.

    • What is leukocytosis indicative of?

  • Increased white blood cells in the blood. (correct)
  • Increased red blood cells.
  • Decreased immune response.
  • Normal white blood cell levels.

    • What accelerates the healing process of a wound?

  • Use of anti-inflammatory medications.
  • Wound edges that are widely spaced.
  • Increased inflammation.
  • Closely approximated edges of a wound. (correct)

    • Chronic use of glucocorticoids may lead to all of the following effects except:

    <p>Increased leukocyte production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug serves to relieve fever without having anti-inflammatory properties?

    <p>Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant complication after the healing process involving scar formation?

    <p>Potential for infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fibrinogen play during an inflammatory response?

    <p>It helps to localize and ‘wall off’ foreign material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incorrect representation of the body's healing response sequence?

    <p>Collagen fibers degrade the scar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of scar tissue?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly applies to the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>It involves the ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to hyperemia during an inflammatory response?

    <p>Increased blood flow in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a serous exudate best describe?

    <p>Thin, watery, and colorless fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted outcome of a specific disease referred to as?

    <p>Prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could lead to the development of obstructions in tube-like structures due to scar tissue?

    <p>Scar tissue does not stretch but shrinks over time, causing narrowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common systemic sign of disease?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT associated with fever development?

    <p>General cutaneous vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A typical source of infection in burn areas is:

    <p>Microbes surviving in hair follicles in the burn area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the death of a group of cells in the body?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes a full-thickness burn?

    <p>Dry, firm, charred, or hard white surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a precipitating factor for chronic disease?

    <p>Sudden acute episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best definition of homeostasis?

    <p>Maintenance of a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease in a particular area?

    <p>Epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines epidemiology?

    <p>The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ischemia refer to in medical terms?

    <p>Deficit of oxygen in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prolonged ischemia affect the heart?

    <p>It leads to a heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a syndrome in a medical context?

    <p>A collection of signs and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is provided by colostrum, the first milk from a mother?

    <p>Passive natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of memory cells in the immune system?

    <p>Recognize the antigen and stimulate the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term leukopenia refers to what condition?

    <p>Decreased white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of graft-versus-host disease?

    <p>Transplant rejection by the recipient’s immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity occurs when an allergen binds with IgE antibodies on mast cells?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding patients with AIDS?

    <p>They have an increased risk of opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seroconversion in relation to HIV?

    <p>Detection of antibodies for HIV in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should a leukemia patient avoid a seasonal influenza vaccine shortly after a bone marrow transplant?

    <p>It is ineffective until the immune system recovers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>Activating and stimulating proliferation of B and T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the increase of white blood cells in the bloodstream?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of a moderate burn injury?

    <p>Pain and increased capillary permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an autoimmune response affecting multiple systems in the body?

    <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Replacement of damaged tissue by cells that are similar in function is defined as what?

    <p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is conferred to an infant through breast milk?

    <p>Passive natural immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of prolonged glucocorticoid administration on the immune system?

    <p>Atrophy of lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive tuberculin skin test signify?

    <p>Previous exposure to tuberculosis bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known for relieving fever but does not possess anti-inflammatory properties?

    <p>Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate physiological change occurs in the body due to a large burn area?

    <p>Fluid and protein shift out of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recognized as the most common route of HIV transmission?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which local signs would most likely indicate a general inflammatory response?

    <p>Redness, warmth, and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An allergic reaction involving mast cells and the release of histamine is classified as which type of hypersensitivity?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of closely approximated edges of a wound during healing?

    <p>Promotion of rapid healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best definition of the term prognosis?

    <p>Predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the change when a group of cells in the body dies?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In caseation necrosis, what forms as a result of dead cells?

    <p>Thick, cheesy substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a circumstance that triggers a sudden acute episode in a chronic disease?

    <p>Precipitating factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does homeostasis refer to in a biological context?

    <p>Maintenance of a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathophysiology primarily involves the study of what?

    <p>Functional or structural changes due to disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a higher than expected incidence of an infectious disease?

    <p>Epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition known as when there is a deficit of oxygen in the cells?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an iatrogenic disease primarily caused by?

    <p>An effect of a prescribed drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular adaptation is marked by a decrease in cell size?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a collection of signs and symptoms occurring together?

    <p>Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of prolonged ischemia in the heart?

    <p>Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a preventive measure in health care?

    <p>Routine application of sunblock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a positive test for HIV in a patient?

    <p>Presence of antibodies for HIV in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity does vaccination provide?

    <p>Active artificial immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An autoimmune disease primarily results from which failure?

    <p>The immune system mistaking self for nonself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism behind systemic lupus erythematosus?

    <p>Immune complex deposits of specific antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'window period' in HIV infection describes the time frame between which events?

    <p>Initial viral entry and antibody detection in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about individuals who are HIV positive?

    <p>They can transmit the virus to others despite treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to immunodeficiency?

    <p>Genetic defects and acquired infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants born to HIV-infected mothers may falsely test positive for HIV due to what reason?

    <p>Presence of maternal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The COVID mRNA vaccine is categorized as which type of vaccine?

    <p>Not a live vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should a leukemia patient postpone receiving a seasonal influenza vaccine after a bone marrow transplant?

    <p>Their new immune system requires time to recover and respond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the body's immediate inflammatory response to any injury?

    <p>Inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does leukopenia indicate?

    <p>Decrease in white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of immunity provided by breast milk is known as:

    <p>Passive natural immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of helper T cells in immune responses?

    <p>To activate other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opportunistic infections typically arise from which source?

    <p>Normal flora exploiting a weakened immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a secondary immune response from a primary immune response?

    <p>It is more rapid than the primary response and results in higher antibody levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is conferred by the transfer of antibodies through breast milk?

    <p>Passive natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of memory cells in the immune system?

    <p>Recognize the antigen and stimulate the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus?

    <p>Inflammation in multiple organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe infections that occur more frequently in individuals with immunodeficiencies?

    <p>Opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins is inaccurate?

    <p>All members of a family have identical MHCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graft-versus-host disease mainly involves the:

    <p>Attack of host cells by donor T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least likely to arise frequently in AIDS patients?

    <p>Polyarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by seroconversion in the context of HIV infection?

    <p>Presence of antibodies to HIV in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true for a person who is HIV positive?

    <p>Possible transmission is indicated by antibodies in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity occurs upon allergen binding with IgE antibodies?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contact dermatitis involves which type of immune reaction?

    <p>Type IV reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of CD4-positive helper T cells is to:

    <p>Facilitate all immune system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Host-versus-graft disease primarily refers to:

    <p>Transplant rejection by the recipient’s immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular element is primarily responsible for phagocytosis during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cold treatment recommended in RICE first aid measures for inflammation?

    <p>It causes local vasoconstriction to reduce local edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily determines the severity of a burn?

    <p>Temperature, duration, and extent of the burn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what sequence do events occur in the inflammatory response after injury?

    <p>Transient vasoconstriction, dilation of blood vessels, migration of leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic effect is commonly associated with severe inflammation?

    <p>Fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate body surface area percentage burned on a woman's right arm and right leg?

    <p>13.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hyperemia during an inflammatory response?

    <p>Increased blood flow in the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the burn classification for an area where the epidermis and part of the dermis is destroyed.

    <p>Partial-thickness burn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of a full-thickness burn?

    <p>Dry, firm, charred, or hard white surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does purulent exudate typically contain?

    <p>Numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do isoenzymes in circulating blood serve?

    <p>Indicate the precise location of an inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does applying ice to an injured area affect edema?

    <p>Causing local vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about inflammation is incorrect?

    <p>Disorders are named using the ending -sarcoma to indicate inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key goal in current tissue engineering research?

    <p>Create a functional replacement tissue when regeneration is not possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does scar tissue typically do to tube-like structures in the body?

    <p>Scar tissue does not stretch but rather shrinks, causing narrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is most effective for healing large areas of skin loss?

    <p>Application of biosynthetic skin substitute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of exudate is commonly found in an abscess?

    <p>Purulent exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classic sign of inflammation?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of drugs possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties?

    <p>COX-2 inhibitors (NSAIDs), ibuprofen, aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason aspirin is not recommended for treating viral infections in children?

    <p>The risk of Reye’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is NOT associated with scar formation?

    <p>Increased hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance helps to localize foreign material in an inflammatory response?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence in the healing process?

    <p>Blood clot forms, phagocytes remove debris, granulation tissue forms, new blood vessels form, collagen fibers form scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a serious complication mainly associated with COX-2 inhibitor drugs?

    <p>Increased risk of heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do tears fit in the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>First line of defense, nonspecific defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes edema during inflammation?

    <p>Increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of phagocytosis?

    <p>Ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the fever response?

    <p>Release of pyrogens into the circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism does NOT contribute to raising body temperature?

    <p>General cutaneous vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily composes scar tissue?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What promotes rapid wound healing?

    <p>Closely approximated edges of a wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammatory Response and Healing

    • Defense Mechanisms: Sensitized T lymphocytes are a specific defense mechanism.
    • Burn Injuries: Moderate burn injuries result in pain and increased capillary permeability due to chemical mediators.
    • Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis is an increased number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood.
    • Regeneration: Damaged tissue replacement by similar cells is called regeneration.
    • Wound Healing Promotion: Closely approximated wound edges promote rapid healing.

    Glucocorticoids and Inflammation

    • Glucocorticoid Side Effects: Long-term glucocorticoid use may lead to lymphoid tissue atrophy and decreased protein synthesis, but not increased leukocyte production.
    • Pain and Fever Relief: Acetaminophen relieves fever and some pains, but it is not an anti-inflammatory agent.
    • Burn Injury and Blood Pressure: Large burn areas cause decreased blood pressure due to fluid and protein shift from the blood.

    Inflammatory Response (Local Effects)

    • Local Effects: Redness, warmth, and swelling are local effects of inflammation.
    • Exudates: An abscess contains purulent exudate (pus). A serous exudate is thin, watery, and colorless.
    • Inflammation Cardinal Signs: Inflammation has cardinal signs which include redness, heat pain, and swelling, nausea is NOT a cardinal sign.
    • Anti-inflammatory Drugs: COX-2 inhibitors (NSAIDs), ibuprofen (NSAID), and aspirin (ASA) have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.
    • Reye's Syndrome: Aspirin use in children with viral infections is discouraged due to the risk of Reye's syndrome.
    • Scar Formation: Scar tissue formation may lead to obstructions in tube-like structures due to scar tissue shrinkage.

    Burn Treatment and Complications

    • Burn Area Treatment: Covering large skin loss areas with biosynthetic skin substitutes promotes healing.
    • Microbe Source: A typical burn infection source is microbes surviving in hair follicles.
    • Burn Severity: Burn severity depends on temperature, duration, and extent of burn.
    • Blood Flow: Hyperemia (increased blood flow) is a key part of inflammation.
    • Burn Types: A partial-thickness burn damages epidermis and part of dermis. A full-thickness (third-degree) burn damages all skin layers and is characterized by dry, firm, charred, or hard white surface.
    • Burn Area Percentage: 18% of total body surface area for anterior chest and right leg burns. 13.5% anterior surfaces of right arm and leg. 22.5% for anterior surfaces of right arm, chest and leg area burns.

    Wound Healing and Inflammation (General)

    • Healing Process: Healing involves blood clot formation, phagocyte activity, granulation tissue growth, new blood vessel formation, and collagen fiber formation to create a scar.
    • Factors Affecting Healing: Advanced age slows down healing; closely approximated edges of wounds promote rapid healing.
    • Cold Therapy: Application of ice reduces local edema (swelling).
    • Prostaglandins: Mast cells generate prostaglandins, causing pain and vasodilation.
    • Phagocytosis: Macrophages are responsible for phagocytosis in the inflammatory response.
    • Systemic Effects: Severe inflammation results in fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever.

    General Considerations (Medical Terms and Processes)

    • Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal body environment.
    • Pathophysiology: Studying functional/structural changes in diseases.
    • Cell Injury/Death: Various factors (hypoxia, excessive cold, pressure, chemicals) can cause cell injury and death.
    • Disease and Conditions: Disease is deviation from normal health; acute diseases have rapid onset; epidemics involve higher expected infectious disease cases; ischemia is oxygen deficit; syndromes are collections of signs and symptoms; infarctions are prolonged ischemic cardiac damage; iatrogenic diseases result from treatment; necrosis is cell death; caseation necrosis involves cheesy substances; precipitating factors cause chronic conditions to suddenly worsen.
    • Chronic Disease: Chronic disease can have acute episodes; predisposing factors are important for prevention.
    • Clinical Studies: Double-blind studies use unknown treatment groups/treaters to reduce bias.
    • Atrophy & Hypertrophy: Atrophy is decreased cell size and hypertrophy is increased cell size.
    • Preventive Measures: Weight-lifting can cause muscle hypertrophy.
    • Epidemiology: Understanding the distribution and occurrence of diseases.
    • Prognosis: The predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery.
    • Immune System Response:
      • Secondary immune responses are faster and stronger than primary ones, with more antibodies.
      • Memory cells recognize antigens for a faster immune response.
      • Passive natural immunity comes from colostrum.
      • Active artificial immunity comes from vaccination.
    • Types of Immunity: Types of immunity include passive natural, active artificial, humoral immunity. -Immune System Disorders: -Immunodeficiencies: Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. -Autoimmune diseases: Failure of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self.
      • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Immune complex deposits cause inflammation.
      • HIV/AIDS:
        • Seroconversion is the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood.
        • HIV mutates frequently, and is inactivated by heat and many disinfectants.
        • Graft-versus-host disease: Transplanted T cells attack host cells. -Hypersensitivity Reactions -Type I hypersensitivity: Allergic reaction when allergens bind to IgE antibodies on mast cells. Contact dermatitis is type IV.
    • Bone Marrow Transplant and Vaccines
    • Bone marrow transplant recipients should not receive some vaccines for a few months due to immune system recovery time.
    • Inflammation
    • Inflammation is a nonspecific response to any type of injury that includes transient vasoconstriction, vasodilation, hyperemia, increased permeability of blood vessels, and migration of leukocytes.
    • Leukopenia: A decrease in white blood cells.
    • Types of exduates: Purulent, serous, fibrinous

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to the inflammatory response, wound healing mechanisms, and the effects of glucocorticoids on inflammation. Explore the body's defense mechanisms, the impact of burn injuries, and the processes of regeneration and leukocytosis. Test your knowledge of how these factors interact in healing and inflammation management.

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