Inflammation: Types and Characteristics

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which cell types are most abundant in the inflamed area during acute inflammation?

  • Fibroblasts and endothelial cells
  • Lymphocytes and macrophages (correct)
  • Neutrophils and platelets
  • Eosinophils and basophils

What is a characteristic sign of inflammation that indicates heat?

  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Calor (correct)
  • Pain

What is the initial vascular response in acute inflammation?

  • Capillary wall permeability decrease
  • Increased blood viscosity
  • Vasoconstriction for a few seconds (correct)
  • Rapid vasodilation

During acute inflammation, what is the main effect of vascular leakage?

<p>Formation of fibrin mesh (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic feature of acute inflammation?

<p>Long-lasting duration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do immunoglobulins play in exudates during inflammation?

<p>Contribute to microbial killing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effects of exudation in acute inflammation?

<p>Dilutes toxins and provides nutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which vascular changes occur during acute inflammation?

<p>Increased permeability and fluid leakage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inflammation, what does the term 'rubor' refer to?

<p>Redness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary goals of inflammation?

<p>To reconstruct damaged tissue and dilute injurious agents. (B), To eliminate the offending agent and enhance blood flow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT a part of the inflammatory response?

<p>Immediate healing of tissue defects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a key feature of subacute inflammation?

<p>Long-lasting and persistent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by neutrophils emigration?

<p>Acute inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of inflammation according to the outlined causes?

<p>Any injury including infections, tissue necrosis, and hypersensitivity reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the general process of inflammation?

<p>Recognition, recruitment, activation, termination, repair. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?

<p>It is usually insidious and lasts for a longer period with more tissue damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe inflammation of the stomach?

<p>Gastritis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of healing involves filling a defect with fibrous connective tissue?

<p>Scarring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cause of inflammation?

<p>Psychological stress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial vascular response to injury that occurs first and is characterized by transient vasoconstriction?

<p>Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does increased hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels primarily lead to during acute inflammation?

<p>Increased fluid flow out of the vessel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid is characterized by high protein content and specific gravity above 1.02?

<p>Exudate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to stasis during the inflammatory response?

<p>High hydrostatic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do leukocytes contribute to tissue damage during inflammation?

<p>By releasing enzymes and toxic oxygen species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism leads to an increase in colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitium?

<p>Loss of protein from vascular compartments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the combination of excess fluid in the interstitium and increased lymphatic drainage?

<p>Oedema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of exudate is specifically described as purulent and rich in neutrophils?

<p>Pus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes transudate fluid?

<p>Fluid loss due to hydrostatic pressure imbalance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of inflammation at the site of injury?

<p>To eliminate microbes and clear necrotic tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of leukocytosis during infections?

<p>Accelerated release of leukocytes from the marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of inflammation?

<p>Increased tissue pressure leading to ischemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mediator is primarily responsible for causing fever during inflammation?

<p>Interleukin-1 (IL-1) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF play in the context of inflammation?

<p>They stimulate leukocyte production in marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT considered a vasoactive amine?

<p>Prostaglandin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inflammation, what is a notable effect of oxygen-derived free radicals?

<p>Contributing to tissue damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histamine during the immediate early response phase?

<p>Promotes vascular dilatation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT involved in increasing vascular permeability?

<p>Cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules aid in the recognition of pathogens by phagocytes?

<p>Opsonins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about reactive oxygen species (ROS) is true?

<p>They play a critical role in the killing of microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomal enzymes in microbial killing?

<p>They function independently of oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of injury response, which chemical mediators are primarily responsible for the transient increase in vascular permeability?

<p>Histamine and bradykinin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT involved in the emigration of neutrophils?

<p>Prostaglandins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the immediate early response phase?

<p>It is initiated within the first 30 minutes after injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding endogenous pyrogens?

<p>They are primarily interleukins such as IL1 and TNF. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the pain associated with inflammation during the immediate early response phase?

<p>Direct damage to endothelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards are hidden until you start studying

Study Notes

Inflammation Definition

  • Inflammation is a protective response of the body to tissue injury.
  • It involves vascularized connective tissue.
  • The process aims to eliminate the injurious agent, localize the damage, remove necrotic tissue, and repair the injured tissue.
  • There are two main types of inflammation: acute and chronic.

### Acute Inflammation

  • Characterized by exudation (fluid leakage) and neutrophil emigration.
  • It is an immediate or early response to injury.
  • The duration is short (minutes, hours, or a few days).
  • It represents the early body reaction to injury.
  • Acute inflammation is usually followed by tissue repair.

Chronic Inflammation

  • Characterized by tissue damage and the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, new blood vessels, and connective tissue proliferation.
  • It develops slowly and persists for a longer duration.
  • It is often insidious in onset.

### Subacute Inflammation

  • A transitional stage between acute and chronic inflammation.

### Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation

  • Cardinal Signs (Five Signs of Inflammation)
    • Redness (rubor)
    • Swelling (tumor)
    • Heat (calor)
    • Pain (dolor)
    • Loss of function

### Cellular Events

  • Leukocytes extravasation and phagocytosis
    • Leukocytes are essential for eliminating the injurious agent, digesting necrotic tissue, and promoting tissue repair.
    • They can also contribute to inflammation and tissue damage through the release of enzymes, chemical mediators, and toxic oxygen species.
  • Three phases of leukocytes extravasation
    • Immediate Early Response (1/2 Hour)
      • Release of histamine from mast cells, basophils, and platelets.
      • Histamine triggers vascular dilation, increases vascular permeability, and causes pain.
    • Delayed Early Response (2-4 Hours)
      • Activation of arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, leukotrienes), platelet-activating factor, and complement system.
    • Late Response (4-6 Hours)
      • Leukocyte recruitment and activation.

### Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

  • Vasoactive Amines
    • Histamine and serotonin.
  • Plasma Proteins
    • Clotting system, kinin system, complement system.
  • Arachidonic Acid Derivatives
    • Prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
  • Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)
  • Cytokines
    • IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α
  • Nitric Oxide (NO)
  • Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals
  • Lysosomal Constituents

### Functions of Chemical Mediators

  • Vasodilation: Prostaglandins and nitric oxide.
  • Increased Vascular Permeability: Vasoactive amines, C3a, C5a, leukotrienes, PAF.
  • Chemotaxis and Leukocyte Adhesion: C5a, chemokines.
  • Fever: IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, prostaglandins.
  • Pain: Prostaglandins and bradykinin.
  • Tissue Damage: Lysosomal enzymes, oxygen metabolites, nitric oxide.

### Advantages of Inflammation

  • Removal of harmful agents: Leukocytes phagocytose and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.
  • Localization of injury: Fibrin formation walls off the affected area, limiting the spread of infection.
  • Tissue repair and regeneration: Inflammation promotes the healing process, replacing damaged tissue with new tissue.

### Disadvantages of Inflammation

  • Loss of function: Inflammation can impair the function of affected organs or tissues, especially if the inflammation is severe or chronic.
  • Exudation and swelling: Fluid accumulation can obstruct hollow organs, like in the case of laryngitis.
  • Increased tissue pressure: Swelling can compress blood vessels, leading to ischemia and further tissue damage.
  • Inappropriate inflammation: Hypersensitivity reactions to harmless substances can cause inflammation.

### Clinical Significance

  • Inflammation is a key component of many disease processes.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of inflammation is crucial for diagnosing, treating, and preventing various illnesses.
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to control and manage inflammation in a variety of conditions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

More Like This

Inflammation - Types and Causes
17 questions
Inflammation Types Quiz
5 questions
Inflammation Overview and Types
31 questions

Inflammation Overview and Types

VirtuousAntigorite4606 avatar
VirtuousAntigorite4606
Inflammation: Types, Causes and Nomenclature
10 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser