Inflammation: Types and Characteristics

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Questions and Answers

Which cell types are most abundant in the inflamed area during acute inflammation?

Fibroblasts and endothelial cells

Lymphocytes and macrophages (correct)

Neutrophils and platelets

Eosinophils and basophils

What is a characteristic sign of inflammation that indicates heat?

Swelling

Redness

Calor (correct)

Pain

What is the initial vascular response in acute inflammation?

Capillary wall permeability decrease

Increased blood viscosity

Vasoconstriction for a few seconds (correct)

Rapid vasodilation

During acute inflammation, what is the main effect of vascular leakage?

Formation of fibrin mesh Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic feature of acute inflammation?

Long-lasting duration Signup and view all the answers

What role do immunoglobulins play in exudates during inflammation?

Contribute to microbial killing Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effects of exudation in acute inflammation?

Dilutes toxins and provides nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which vascular changes occur during acute inflammation?

Increased permeability and fluid leakage Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inflammation, what does the term 'rubor' refer to?

Redness Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary goals of inflammation?

To reconstruct damaged tissue and dilute injurious agents. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT a part of the inflammatory response?

Immediate healing of tissue defects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a key feature of subacute inflammation?

Long-lasting and persistent Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by neutrophils emigration?

Acute inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of inflammation according to the outlined causes?

Any injury including infections, tissue necrosis, and hypersensitivity reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the general process of inflammation?

Recognition, recruitment, activation, termination, repair. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?

It is usually insidious and lasts for a longer period with more tissue damage. Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe inflammation of the stomach?

Gastritis. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of healing involves filling a defect with fibrous connective tissue?

Scarring. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cause of inflammation?

Psychological stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial vascular response to injury that occurs first and is characterized by transient vasoconstriction?

Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What does increased hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels primarily lead to during acute inflammation?

Increased fluid flow out of the vessel Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid is characterized by high protein content and specific gravity above 1.02?

Exudate Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to stasis during the inflammatory response?

High hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

How do leukocytes contribute to tissue damage during inflammation?

By releasing enzymes and toxic oxygen species Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism leads to an increase in colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitium?

Loss of protein from vascular compartments Signup and view all the answers

What results from the combination of excess fluid in the interstitium and increased lymphatic drainage?

Oedema Signup and view all the answers

What type of exudate is specifically described as purulent and rich in neutrophils?

Pus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes transudate fluid?

Fluid loss due to hydrostatic pressure imbalance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of inflammation at the site of injury?

To eliminate microbes and clear necrotic tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of leukocytosis during infections?

Accelerated release of leukocytes from the marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of inflammation?

Increased tissue pressure leading to ischemia Signup and view all the answers

Which mediator is primarily responsible for causing fever during inflammation?

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Signup and view all the answers

What role do cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF play in the context of inflammation?

They stimulate leukocyte production in marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT considered a vasoactive amine?

Prostaglandin Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inflammation, what is a notable effect of oxygen-derived free radicals?

Contributing to tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histamine during the immediate early response phase?

Promotes vascular dilatation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT involved in increasing vascular permeability?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules aid in the recognition of pathogens by phagocytes?

Opsonins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about reactive oxygen species (ROS) is true?

They play a critical role in the killing of microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomal enzymes in microbial killing?

They function independently of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

In the context of injury response, which chemical mediators are primarily responsible for the transient increase in vascular permeability?

Histamine and bradykinin Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT involved in the emigration of neutrophils?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the immediate early response phase?

It is initiated within the first 30 minutes after injury Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding endogenous pyrogens?

They are primarily interleukins such as IL1 and TNF. Signup and view all the answers

What causes the pain associated with inflammation during the immediate early response phase?

Direct damage to endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation Definition

Inflammation is a protective response of the body to tissue injury.
It involves vascularized connective tissue.
The process aims to eliminate the injurious agent, localize the damage, remove necrotic tissue, and repair the injured tissue.
There are two main types of inflammation: acute and chronic.

### Acute Inflammation

Characterized by exudation (fluid leakage) and neutrophil emigration.
It is an immediate or early response to injury.
The duration is short (minutes, hours, or a few days).
It represents the early body reaction to injury.
Acute inflammation is usually followed by tissue repair.

Chronic Inflammation

Characterized by tissue damage and the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, new blood vessels, and connective tissue proliferation.
It develops slowly and persists for a longer duration.
It is often insidious in onset.

### Subacute Inflammation

A transitional stage between acute and chronic inflammation.

### Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation

Cardinal Signs (Five Signs of Inflammation)
- Redness (rubor)
- Swelling (tumor)
- Heat (calor)
- Pain (dolor)
- Loss of function

### Cellular Events

Leukocytes extravasation and phagocytosis
- Leukocytes are essential for eliminating the injurious agent, digesting necrotic tissue, and promoting tissue repair.
- They can also contribute to inflammation and tissue damage through the release of enzymes, chemical mediators, and toxic oxygen species.
Three phases of leukocytes extravasation
- Immediate Early Response (1/2 Hour)
  - Release of histamine from mast cells, basophils, and platelets.
  - Histamine triggers vascular dilation, increases vascular permeability, and causes pain.
- Delayed Early Response (2-4 Hours)
  - Activation of arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, leukotrienes), platelet-activating factor, and complement system.
- Late Response (4-6 Hours)
  - Leukocyte recruitment and activation.

### Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

Vasoactive Amines
- Histamine and serotonin.
Plasma Proteins
- Clotting system, kinin system, complement system.
Arachidonic Acid Derivatives
- Prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF)
Cytokines
- IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals
Lysosomal Constituents

### Functions of Chemical Mediators

Vasodilation: Prostaglandins and nitric oxide.
Increased Vascular Permeability: Vasoactive amines, C3a, C5a, leukotrienes, PAF.
Chemotaxis and Leukocyte Adhesion: C5a, chemokines.
Fever: IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, prostaglandins.
Pain: Prostaglandins and bradykinin.
Tissue Damage: Lysosomal enzymes, oxygen metabolites, nitric oxide.

### Advantages of Inflammation

Removal of harmful agents: Leukocytes phagocytose and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.
Localization of injury: Fibrin formation walls off the affected area, limiting the spread of infection.
Tissue repair and regeneration: Inflammation promotes the healing process, replacing damaged tissue with new tissue.

### Disadvantages of Inflammation

Loss of function: Inflammation can impair the function of affected organs or tissues, especially if the inflammation is severe or chronic.
Exudation and swelling: Fluid accumulation can obstruct hollow organs, like in the case of laryngitis.
Increased tissue pressure: Swelling can compress blood vessels, leading to ischemia and further tissue damage.
Inappropriate inflammation: Hypersensitivity reactions to harmless substances can cause inflammation.

### Clinical Significance

Inflammation is a key component of many disease processes.
Understanding the mechanisms of inflammation is crucial for diagnosing, treating, and preventing various illnesses.
Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to control and manage inflammation in a variety of conditions.

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Description

This quiz explores the definition and types of inflammation, including acute, chronic, and subacute. You'll learn about the body's protective response to tissue injury, the processes involved, and the characteristics that differentiate these inflammation stages.