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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
- To primarily aid in the growth of new blood vessels
- To eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and initiate repair (correct)
- To consistently promote tissue necrosis
- To repair tissues without addressing the underlying cause
Which type of cell is primarily involved in acute inflammation?
Which type of cell is primarily involved in acute inflammation?
- Eosinophils
- Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils (correct)
Which hallmark sign is NOT associated with inflammation?
Which hallmark sign is NOT associated with inflammation?
- Swelling
- Chronic fatigue (correct)
- Redness
- Pain
What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
Which process is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which process is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes exudate from transudate?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes exudate from transudate?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the main roles of acute inflammation?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the main roles of acute inflammation?
Which type of fluid is characterized by a specific gravity of 1.012 or less?
Which type of fluid is characterized by a specific gravity of 1.012 or less?
During inflammation, which component is responsible for the formation of exudate?
During inflammation, which component is responsible for the formation of exudate?
Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning pus?
Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning pus?
What is the primary mechanism by which neutrophils kill microbes?
What is the primary mechanism by which neutrophils kill microbes?
During phagocytosis, which structure is formed after the binding of microbial targets?
During phagocytosis, which structure is formed after the binding of microbial targets?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the neutrophil's extracellular traps (NETs)?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the neutrophil's extracellular traps (NETs)?
What can lead to frustrated phagocytosis?
What can lead to frustrated phagocytosis?
Which protein is involved in enhancing the permeability of bacterial membranes?
Which protein is involved in enhancing the permeability of bacterial membranes?
What is primarily mediated by integrins on leukocytes?
What is primarily mediated by integrins on leukocytes?
Which molecule is involved in the migration of leukocytes through the vessel wall?
Which molecule is involved in the migration of leukocytes through the vessel wall?
Which type of agents are known to induce chemotaxis in leukocytes?
Which type of agents are known to induce chemotaxis in leukocytes?
What is the term for the process where leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells?
What is the term for the process where leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells?
What enhances leukocyte activation in response to stimuli?
What enhances leukocyte activation in response to stimuli?
During chemotaxis, leukocytes move towards a chemical gradient driven by which of the following?
During chemotaxis, leukocytes move towards a chemical gradient driven by which of the following?
What role do leukocytes play in the destruction of phagocytosed material?
What role do leukocytes play in the destruction of phagocytosed material?
Which receptor helps leukocytes adhere to the extracellular matrix during movement?
Which receptor helps leukocytes adhere to the extracellular matrix during movement?
What is one mechanism that contributes to increased vascular permeability during inflammation?
What is one mechanism that contributes to increased vascular permeability during inflammation?
What role do mediators like Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) play in increased vascular permeability?
What role do mediators like Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) play in increased vascular permeability?
What typically occurs during the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?
What typically occurs during the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?
Which process is responsible for the movement of leukocytes from the circulation to the site of injury?
Which process is responsible for the movement of leukocytes from the circulation to the site of injury?
What is the significance of margination in the inflammatory response?
What is the significance of margination in the inflammatory response?
What does the term 'diapedesis' refer to in the context of inflammation?
What does the term 'diapedesis' refer to in the context of inflammation?
What inflammatory condition involves red streaks at the wound site and enlarged painful lymph nodes?
What inflammatory condition involves red streaks at the wound site and enlarged painful lymph nodes?
During the healing process, what primarily contributes to the permeability of new blood vessels?
During the healing process, what primarily contributes to the permeability of new blood vessels?
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Study Notes
Inflammation Definition
- A protective response by the body that involves cells, vessels, and proteins to eliminate injury and initiate repair.
- Aims to dilute, isolate, destroy, or neutralize harmful agents.
- Part of innate immunity.
- Components of defense are brought to the site of damage.
- Strong, prolonged, or inappropriate inflammatory reactions can harm normal tissues.
Types of Inflammation
- Acute Inflammation:
- Rapid onset.
- Short duration (minutes to days).
- Characterized by edema, exudate, and neutrophil migration.
- Local and systemic signs are prominent.
- Chronic Inflammation:
- Insidious onset.
- Long duration (days to years).
- Characterized by vascular proliferation, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis.
- Lymphocytes and macrophages are the predominant leukocytes.
- Local and systemic signs are less prominent.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness (Rubor): Due to hyperemia (increased blood flow).
- Heat (Calor): Also caused by hyperemia.
- Swelling (Tumor): Caused by exudation.
- Pain (Dolor): Caused by nerve stimulation by chemical mediators.
- Loss of Function (Functio Laesa): Resulting from pain, swelling, and tissue damage.
Triple Response
- Characterized by flare, flush, and weal.
- Also known as "red, warm, and swollen."
Definitions
- Exudate: Fluid rich in proteins and cells that escapes from the vascular system into interstitial tissues or body cavities.
- Caused by increased vascular permeability.
- Specific gravity greater than 1.020.
- Pus: Exudate rich in leukocytes and parenchymal cell debris.
- Transudate: Ultrafiltration of blood plasma due to increased hydrostatic pressure in vessels.
- No increase in vascular permeability.
- Fluid contains very little protein (mostly albumin).
- Specific gravity less than 1.012.
Exudate vs. Transudate
| Feature | Exudate | Transudate |
|---|---|---|
| Permeability | Increased | Normal |
| Protein | 1.5-6 g/dL | 0-1.5 g/dL |
| Protein Type | All | Albumin |
| Specific Gravity | 1.015-1.027 | 1.010-1.015 |
| Cells | Inflammatory | None |
Components of Inflammatory Response
- Circulating Cells: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets.
- Plasma Proteins: Clotting factors, complement proteins, kininogens.
- Vascular Wall Cells: Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
- Surrounding Connective Tissue:
- Cells: Mast cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts.
- Extracellular matrix: Collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, glycoproteins.
Acute Inflammation
- The immediate and early response to injury, designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to the injury site.
- Non-specific.
- Main Roles:
- Formation of exudate: To dilute, isolate, and neutralize harmful agents.
- Elimination of the cause: To protect against microorganisms.
- Breakdown and removal of dead tissue: To initiate repair.
- Vascular Events:
- Increased vascular permeability:
- Endothelial injury: Caused by direct injury or leukocyte-mediated damage.
- Increased transcytosis: Mediated by mediators such as VEGF.
- Leakage from new blood vessels: New blood vessels are leaky during healing.
- Increased vascular permeability:
- Lymphatic Vessel Responses:
- Increased lymph flow: Drains edema fluid, leukocytes, and debris.
- Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis: Red streaks at the wound site and enlarged painful lymph nodes.
Cellular Events
- Leukocyte Recruitment and Emigration:
- Margination and rolling: Leukocytes accumulate at the periphery of vessels.
- Adhesion to endothelium: Mediated by selectins and integrins.
- Transmigration through the wall (Diapedesis): Leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells.
- Migration in the interstitium (Chemotaxis): Leukocytes move towards a chemical gradient.
- Leukocyte Activation:
- Phagocytosis: Engulfment and destruction of foreign substances or microbes.
- Extracellular excretion of lysosomal contents: Release of lysosomal enzymes to combat microbes.
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs): Fibrin networks with antimicrobial peptides that trap pathogens.
Leukocytes and Tissue Injury
- Leukocytes can damage tissues during normal defense in severe infections.
- Autoimmunity and hypersensitivity: Can lead to excessive tissue damage.
Neutrophils and Monocytes in Acute Inflammation
- Neutrophils are the predominant leukocytes in the first 6-24 hours.
- Monocytes replace neutrophils in 24-48 hours.
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