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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the predominance of necrosis?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the predominance of necrosis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which of these is an example of a specific inflammation?
Which of these is an example of a specific inflammation?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by thickening of the wall due to fibrous tissue formation?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by thickening of the wall due to fibrous tissue formation?
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Aseptic inflammation is caused by:
Aseptic inflammation is caused by:
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Which of the following is NOT a morphological pattern of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a morphological pattern of inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of chronic inflammation:
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of chronic inflammation:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic morphological feature of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic morphological feature of chronic inflammation?
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Which morphological pattern of inflammation is characterized by the presence of a central core of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory cells?
Which morphological pattern of inflammation is characterized by the presence of a central core of necrotic tissue surrounded by inflammatory cells?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by the exudation of a thick, pus-like fluid?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the exudation of a thick, pus-like fluid?
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Which of the following types of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a fibrinous exudate?
Which of the following types of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a fibrinous exudate?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of a fluid exudate that is clear, watery, and protein-poor?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of a fluid exudate that is clear, watery, and protein-poor?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a fibrinous exudate that forms a thick, pseudomembranous layer on the surface of the inflamed tissue?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of a fibrinous exudate that forms a thick, pseudomembranous layer on the surface of the inflamed tissue?
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Which of the following is NOT a morphological feature of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a morphological feature of acute inflammation?
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What is a characteristic morphological feature indicative of acute inflammation that can be observed in the affected tissue?
What is a characteristic morphological feature indicative of acute inflammation that can be observed in the affected tissue?
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Which morphological feature is characteristically found in tissues undergoing chronic inflammation but not typically seen in acute inflammation?
Which morphological feature is characteristically found in tissues undergoing chronic inflammation but not typically seen in acute inflammation?
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Which of these morphological features is primarily associated with acute inflammation?
Which of these morphological features is primarily associated with acute inflammation?
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What is a distinguishing morphological characteristic of chronic inflammation?
What is a distinguishing morphological characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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Which morphological feature is typically not observed in acute inflammation, but is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which morphological feature is typically not observed in acute inflammation, but is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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What is a major morphological feature of acute inflammation?
What is a major morphological feature of acute inflammation?
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Which of these is a characteristic morphological marker of chronic inflammation?
Which of these is a characteristic morphological marker of chronic inflammation?
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Which morphological feature is NOT characteristically observed in acute inflammation?
Which morphological feature is NOT characteristically observed in acute inflammation?
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Which of the following morphological features is indicative of a transition from acute to chronic inflammation?
Which of the following morphological features is indicative of a transition from acute to chronic inflammation?
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Which of these is NOT a common morphological feature of chronic inflammation?
Which of these is NOT a common morphological feature of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical morphological feature associated with acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a typical morphological feature associated with acute inflammation?
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Which of the following morphological patterns would likely be observed in a chronic inflammatory response to a persistent foreign body, such as a splinter?
Which of the following morphological patterns would likely be observed in a chronic inflammatory response to a persistent foreign body, such as a splinter?
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A patient presents with a persistent cough and dyspnea, and a biopsy reveals a thickened lung parenchyma with dense collagen deposition and the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. Which of these morphological features best reflects the histological pattern of this chronic inflammatory response?
A patient presents with a persistent cough and dyspnea, and a biopsy reveals a thickened lung parenchyma with dense collagen deposition and the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. Which of these morphological features best reflects the histological pattern of this chronic inflammatory response?
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Which morphological feature observed in a tissue sample is indicative of the transition from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation?
Which morphological feature observed in a tissue sample is indicative of the transition from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation?
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You observe a tissue sample with a large collection of neutrophils and a thick, yellow exudate. Which of the following terms best describes this type of inflammation?
You observe a tissue sample with a large collection of neutrophils and a thick, yellow exudate. Which of the following terms best describes this type of inflammation?
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Which of these is a morphological feature commonly observed in both acute and chronic inflammation?
Which of these is a morphological feature commonly observed in both acute and chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation seen in the affected tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation seen in the affected tissue?
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Which of these morphological features is primarily associated with acute inflammation, rather than chronic inflammation?
Which of these morphological features is primarily associated with acute inflammation, rather than chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of chronic inflammation at the cellular level?
Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of chronic inflammation at the cellular level?
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Which morphological feature is indicative of a transition from acute to chronic inflammation?
Which morphological feature is indicative of a transition from acute to chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following morphological patterns of inflammation is characterized by the presence of a fibrinous exudate, typically seen in inflammation of lining of body cavities?
Which of the following morphological patterns of inflammation is characterized by the presence of a fibrinous exudate, typically seen in inflammation of lining of body cavities?
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Which of the following is NOT a general morphological feature of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a general morphological feature of acute inflammation?
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Which morphological pattern of inflammation is characterized by the production of pus, consisting mainly of neutrophils, liquefied necrotic debris, and oedema fluid?
Which morphological pattern of inflammation is characterized by the production of pus, consisting mainly of neutrophils, liquefied necrotic debris, and oedema fluid?
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Which of the following best describes the morphological patterns of inflammation categorized as 'specific'?
Which of the following best describes the morphological patterns of inflammation categorized as 'specific'?
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In which of the following scenarios would you expect to see a serous inflammation?
In which of the following scenarios would you expect to see a serous inflammation?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of fibrinous inflammation that can lead to long-term complications if not resolved effectively?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of fibrinous inflammation that can lead to long-term complications if not resolved effectively?
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What is the distinguishing feature that separates suppurative inflammation from other types of inflammation?
What is the distinguishing feature that separates suppurative inflammation from other types of inflammation?
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Which of the following inflammatory patterns is directly associated with the presence of pyogenic bacteria?
Which of the following inflammatory patterns is directly associated with the presence of pyogenic bacteria?
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Study Notes
Inflammation - Definitions, Classification, and Causes
- Inflammation is a defensive reaction of the organism to harmful agents.
- The aim is to remove or destroy the cause of damage or affected cells and tissues.
- Causes include physical agents (extreme temperatures, electric shock, radiation, mechanical injuries), chemical agents (metabolism products, acids, alkalis, drugs, tissue necrosis), and biological agents (microorganisms, parasites, immune cells and complexes).
Comparison Between Acute and Chronic Inflammation
-
Acute inflammation:
- Short-term (minutes to days)
- Rich in protein exudate
- Neutrophils are the primary cell type
-
Chronic inflammation:
- Long-term (days to years)
- Lymphocytes and macrophages are the primary cell type
- Granulation tissue, vascular hyperplasia, and scar formation are common
Signs of Inflammation (Symptomatology)
-
Local signs:
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
-
Systemic signs:
- Fever (TNF, IL-1, IL-6)
- Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- Leukocytosis (increased WBC count)
- Bacteria → neutrophils
- Parasites → eosinophils
- Viruses → lymphocytes
- Leukopenia (decreased WBC count)
- Viral infections, salmonella infections, ricketttsiosis
- Increased levels of some substances (C-reactive protein) in response to immune reactions
Sequence of Vascular and Cellular Changes in Acute Inflammation and Their Purpose
- The sequence of events includes initial vasoconstriction, followed by vasodilation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, leading to increased blood flow and vascular permeability.
- This permits plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation.
- Leukocytes then migrate to the site of injury, engulf and destroy pathogens, and initiate tissue repair.
Consequences and Outcome of Inflammation
- Resolution:
- Clearance of injurious stimuli
- Removal of mediators and inflammatory cells.
- Replacement of damaged cells with normal tissue.
- Healing:
- Tissue repair may involve regeneration (replacement with identical tissue)
- or scar formation (replacement with fibrous tissue).
- Tissue repair may involve regeneration (replacement with identical tissue)
- Pus formation (abscess):
- Necrotic tissue, dead and decayed cells surrounded by living cells.
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
- Alteration: Damage (e.g., necrosis).
- Exudation: Reaction of microcirculation; exudate formation; leukocyte migration; phagocytosis.
- Proliferation: Cell proliferation (macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts)
Classification of Inflammation
- Length: acute, chronic (subacute, hyperacute)
-
Predominant component:
- Alterative (necrosis, e.g., diphtheria)
- Exudative (e.g., pleuritis)
- Proliferative (tissue thickening, e.g., cholecystitis)
- Histological feature: nonspecific / specific (e.g., tuberculosis)
- Causative agent: aseptic (sterile) / septic (caused by living organisms).
Types of Exudate
- Serous (fibrin-free serum)
- Initial response. Dilution of harmful agents
- Catarrhal (watery exudate of serum and mucus exclusively on mucous membranes)
- Fibrinous (exudation of fibrin outside blood vessels)
- Initial temporary barrier against inflammation
- Purulent (primarily neutrophils, cellular debris)
- Pathogen destruction, damaged tissue dissolution.
- Gangrenous (massive destruction of tissue, extensive necrosis)
- Hemorrhagic (extensive microvascular bleeding, with blood as the principal exudate)
Steps of an Acute Inflammatory Response
- Recognition of the injurious agent
- Recruitment of leukocytes
- Removal of the agent
- Regulation (control) of the response
- Resolution
Mechanisms of Acute Inflammation
- Vascular: Change in diameter and permeability (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
- Cellular: Rolling, adhesion, diapedesis; and chemotaxis (movement of cells along a chemical gradient).
Roles of Cells and Molecules in Inflammation
-
Leukocytes (blood cells): neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells
-
Vascular cells (blood vessels): endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells
-
Plasma proteins (kininogens, complement)
-
Cells in connective tissue: Mast cells, fibroblasts, other cells
-
Chemotaxis of Leukocytes
- Chemotaxis is the locomotion of cells along a chemical gradient
- Agents acting as chemoattractants can be exogeneous (e.g., bacterial products) or endogeneous (e.g., complement system components, cytokines).
Phagocytosis
- Adhesion - invagination into cytoplasm
- Lysosomes - destruction of pathogens
- Highly virulent microorganisms cause leukocyte death
- Highly resistant microbes persist in macrophages, causing sustained activation and inflammation.
Mediators of Inflammation
- Necrosis-derived (kinins): result from necrosis.
- Cell-derived (histamine, serotonin, cytokines, arachidonic acid derivatives, platelet-activating factor).
- Plasma-derived (kinin system, complement system, C-reactive protein).
Morphologies of Inflammation
- Alterative Inflammation: (characterized by cellular injury) - ulcerative, pseudomembranous, necrotic
- Exudative Inflammation: (characterized by exudation of blood components and emigration of blood cells) - serous, catarrhal, fibrinous, purulent, gangrenous, hemorrhagic
-
Proliferative (Productive) Inflammation: (characterized by cell proliferation) - primarily/ secondarily (e.g., in the case of cholecystitis)
- Granulomatous Inflammation (distinctive chronic inflammation with cell-mediated immune reaction; macrophages aggregates, multinucleated giant cells)
- Tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, cat scratch disease, lymphogranuloma inguinale, leprosy, syphilis, mycotic infections, autoimmune diseases
- Granulomatous Inflammation (distinctive chronic inflammation with cell-mediated immune reaction; macrophages aggregates, multinucleated giant cells)
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
- Abscess formation
- Resolution; healing (regeneration or scarring); fibrosis
Complications of Suppurative Inflammation
- Bacteremia
- Sepsis
- Septic shock
- Thrombophlebitis
- Lymphangiitis, lymphadenitis
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics and types of inflammation with this quiz designed for medical students. Answer questions that cover both acute and chronic inflammation, including morphological patterns and specific examples. It's a great way to reinforce your understanding of this essential topic in pathology.
