Questions and Answers
What is the definition of inflammation?
It is a protective immune-vascular response and the reaction of living tissue against injury.
Which of the following are components of inflammation? (Select all that apply)
Acute inflammation lasts for months or years.
False
What is the purpose of inflammation?
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Redness during inflammation is due to ______.
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What are neutrophils' functions in inflammation?
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What causes the swelling in inflammation?
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Which type of inflammation has a rapid onset and lasts for a few days?
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What is the mechanism of leukocytes extravasation?
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Leukocytes undergo ______ to pass through gaps between intact endothelium.
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What is the role of complement activation during inflammation?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Inflammation
- Inflammation is a protective immune-vascular response to tissue injury.
- It involves the reaction of living tissues against various forms of injury.
Components of Inflammation
- Causes include infectious agents, immunological responses, tissue necrosis, and both chemical and physical agents.
- Key components are immune cells, blood vessels, and chemical mediators.
- Purpose: eliminate the cause of injury, clear necrotic cells, and initiate tissue repair.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness: caused by vasodilatation.
- Swelling: results from exudate (edema fluid) accumulation.
- Pain: due to nerve irritation by toxins or pressure from exudate.
- Loss of function may occur in affected areas.
Vascular Phenomena in Inflammation
- Transient vasoconstriction may occur due to direct toxic action or injury.
- Vasodilatation is primarily mediated by histamine release.
- Circulation slows down due to hemoconcentration and swelling of endothelial cells.
Mechanism of Leukocyte Extravasation
- Chemo-attraction guides leukocytes to the site of inflammation through recognition of pathogens.
- Rolling phenomenon involves interactions between carbohydrate ligands on leukocytes and endothelial selectins.
- Adhesion occurs when integrins on leukocytes firmly bind to endothelial receptors.
- Transmigration involves leukocytes passing through endothelium gaps, aided by pseudopodia.
Exudate and Neutrophils
- Exudate consists of plasma and blood cells, particularly neutrophils, participating in immune responses.
- Neutrophils perform phagocytosis, utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lysosomes to eliminate microbes.
- Exudate contributes to toxin dilution, forms fibrin networks for localization of infections, and contains antibodies for additional immune support.
Functions of Antibodies in Inflammation
- Neutralization of antigens by blocking their receptors.
- Opsonization enhances phagocytosis by coating microorganisms.
- Agglutination prevents the spread of pathogens through clumping.
- Antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity involves NK cells targeting infected cells.
Complement System
- Small proteins produced in the liver circulate in inactive forms, activated by antigens or bacteria.
- Functions include cell lysis, inflammation promotion, and opsonization enhancing phagocytosis.
- Steps of phagocytosis include chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and waste discharge.
Comparison of Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Acute inflammation has a rapid onset and lasts for few days, with clear cardinal signs and acute toxemia.
- Chronic inflammation develops gradually over months or years, lacking cardinal signs, and may involve macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts.
- Differences in cellular composition during acute (neutrophils and macrophages) versus chronic (predominance of lymphocytes and plasma cells) inflammation.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of inflammation as instructed by Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Tag. This quiz covers definitions, vascular phenomena, and the differences between acute and chronic inflammation, as well as the mechanisms of leukocyte extravasation.
