Inflammation Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of purulent inflammation?

  • Formation of blisters
  • Accumulation of pus containing neutrophils (correct)
  • Presence of fibrinous exudate
  • Localized necrosis without fluid accumulation

    • What condition is most commonly associated with fibrinous inflammation?

  • Acute appendicitis
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Meningitis (correct)
  • Skin burns

    • Which statement about abscesses is correct?

  • They are always associated with systemic leukopenia.
  • They are confined to a space and consist primarily of serous fluid.
  • They contain a central area of necrosis surrounded by neutrophils. (correct)
  • They exhibit no inflammatory tissue response.

    • What defines serous inflammation?

    <p>Cell-poor fluid entering spaces during early acute inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of unresolved fibrinous inflammation?

    <p>Organization leading to scarring and fibroblast growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not one of the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Tissue loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process where leukocytes adhere to and align along blood vessel walls?

    <p>Margination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of leukocyte involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>Eosinophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes chemotaxis?

    <p>The exit of leukocytes from circulation to injury sites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows leukocytes to assume a more peripheral position in blood flow?

    <p>Decreased wall shear stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the infiltration of leukocytes?

    <p>The type of leukocyte depends on the age of the inflammatory response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the chemotactic gradient for leukocytes?

    <p>Bacterial products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    The five key characteristics of inflammation: redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa).

    Leukocyte Adherence

    The process where white blood cells (leukocytes) stick to the inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium).

    Margination

    The process where leukocytes move to the periphery of blood vessels to prepare for adherence and extravasation.

    Chemotaxis

    The movement of leukocytes toward a chemical signal, leading them to the site of injury or infection.

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    Acute Inflammation

    The initial inflammatory response, characterized by the rapid influx of neutrophils.

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    Eosinophils

    A type of white blood cell that plays a role in fighting parasites and allergens, as part of the innate immune response.

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    Leukocyte Extravasation

    The movement of leukocytes from the bloodstream into damaged tissue.

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    Endothelium

    The inner lining of blood vessels, crucial in controlling the movement of leukocytes.

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    Serous inflammation

    Early stage of acute inflammation, characterized by the leakage of cell-poor fluid into spaces.

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    Fibrinous inflammation

    Acute inflammation with increased vascular permeability, allowing larger molecules like fibrin to leak into tissues; often followed by scarring.

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    Purulent/Suppurative inflammation

    Acute inflammation characterized by pus formation, containing neutrophils and necrotic debris.

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    Abscess

    Localized collection of purulent inflammatory tissue, often with necrosis in the center.

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    Ulcer

    A local defect on a tissue surface caused by sloughing of necrotic tissue.

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    Study Notes

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    • Rubor: redness
    • Tumor: swelling
    • Calor: heat
    • Dolor: pain
    • Functio laesa: loss of function

    Leukocyte Adherence to Endothelium

    • Blood flow slows
    • Wall shear stress decreases
    • Leukocytes move to a more peripheral position
    • Margination: neutrophils adhere to and align with vessels
    • Rolling: cells bind and detach
    • Adhesion: cells adhere via complimentary adhesion molecules

    Chemotaxis

    • Leukocytes cross the endothelium and basement membrane, entering extravascular tissue
    • Cells follow a chemotactic gradient to reach the agent

    Chemotaxis (Continued)

    • Chemotaxis is the process of leukocytes leaving the circulatory system and moving toward tissue injury
    • Bacterial products are chemotactic
    • Endogenous chemotactic agents include cytokines
    • The type of leukocytes that migrate depends on the stimulus and the inflammatory response's age
    • Neutrophils dominate acute inflammation

    Contrasting Inflammatory Responses

    • Viral infections: lymphocytes are the initial responders
    • Hypersensitivity reactions: lymphocytes and plasma cells are predominant
    • Allergic reactions: eosinophils are the primary cell type

    Bacterial vs. Viral Pneumonia

    • Bacterial: Caused by streptococcus pneumonia; neutrophils and macrophages are the immune cells involved. Bacteria enter alveoli and multiply. Capillaries open allowing neutrophils to enter and fight the bacteria. Macrophages clean up debris.
    • Viral: Caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19); lymphocytes are the principal immune cells. Viruses enter cells and replicate, leading to cell death. Lymphocytes recognize and destroy infected cells. Respiratory epithelial cells are replaced by type 2 pneumocytes.

    Eosinophils

    • Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell part of the innate immune response
    • They defend against allergens, infections (like parasites), and autoimmune conditions

    Acute Inflammation - Morphologic Patterns

    • Serous inflammation
    • Fibrinous inflammation
    • Suppurative inflammation (purulent)
    • Abscesses
    • Ulcers

    Serous Inflammation

    • Characterized by cell-poor fluid accumulation in spaces
    • Early stage of acute inflammation
    • Examples include blisters from skin burns

    Fibrinous Inflammation

    • When vascular leaks are large, fibrinous exudate forms
    • Examples include meningitis and pericarditis
    • Fibrinous exudates are usually dissolved by macrophages
    • Fibrosis occurs if exudates are not removed

    Purulent Inflammation

    • Characterized by pus (an exudate with neutrophils and necrotic debris)
    • Purulent and suppurative inflammation are equivalent
    • Bacteria are often the cause
    • Acute appendicitis is an example

    Abscesses

    • Localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue confined to a space
    • Central portion exhibits necrosis
    • Periphery contains preserved neutrophils and fibroblasts

    Ulcers

    • Local defects in organ or tissue surfaces
    • Result from sloughing of necrotic, inflamed tissue
    • Peptic ulcer disease is an example

    Fate of Neutrophils

    • Neutrophils undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
    • They break down into smaller apoptotic bodies

    Chronic Inflammation Morphologic Features

    • Predominance of mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
    • Lymphocytes (especially T cells) produce interferon gamma to activate macrophages
    • Tissue destruction occurs
    • Healing can involve fibrosis

    Mast Cells

    • Involved in allergic reactions, insect bites, and drug reactions

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    Related Documents

    Acute Inflammation Relevant PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the cardinal signs of inflammation and the mechanisms of leukocyte adherence and chemotaxis. This quiz covers the physiological processes that occur during inflammatory responses, highlighting differences in reactions based on stimuli. Prepare to dive deep into the immune response's essentials!

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