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Questions and Answers
What characterizes an abscess in comparison to cellulitis?
What characterizes an abscess in comparison to cellulitis?
Which type of inflammation results from a mild irritant with a long duration?
Which type of inflammation results from a mild irritant with a long duration?
Which type of cell typically dominates a granuloma?
Which type of cell typically dominates a granuloma?
What primarily causes the localizing effect of Staph aureus in an abscess?
What primarily causes the localizing effect of Staph aureus in an abscess?
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What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of fluid exudate and healing by fibrosis?
What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of fluid exudate and healing by fibrosis?
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Which microorganism is commonly associated with specific granulomatous inflammation?
Which microorganism is commonly associated with specific granulomatous inflammation?
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What is a common characteristic of pus formed in an abscess?
What is a common characteristic of pus formed in an abscess?
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Which of the following is a type of non-infective granuloma?
Which of the following is a type of non-infective granuloma?
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What distinguishes an exudate from a transudate?
What distinguishes an exudate from a transudate?
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During inflammation, what causes the increase in capillary permeability?
During inflammation, what causes the increase in capillary permeability?
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What is a defining characteristic of purulent exudate?
What is a defining characteristic of purulent exudate?
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What role do neutrophils play in the inflammatory process?
What role do neutrophils play in the inflammatory process?
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Which of the following is primarily associated with the formation of abscesses?
Which of the following is primarily associated with the formation of abscesses?
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What is the primary feature of abscess formation in localized suppurative inflammation?
What is the primary feature of abscess formation in localized suppurative inflammation?
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Which immune cells primarily engage in the process of phagocytosis?
Which immune cells primarily engage in the process of phagocytosis?
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What initiates the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium during the inflammatory response?
What initiates the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium during the inflammatory response?
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What is the role of chemotaxis in the inflammatory response?
What is the role of chemotaxis in the inflammatory response?
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What type of inflammation is caused by Streptococcus haemolyticus and results in diffusion rather than localized pus?
What type of inflammation is caused by Streptococcus haemolyticus and results in diffusion rather than localized pus?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pus in localized abscess formation?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pus in localized abscess formation?
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Which factor is essential for the endothelial and leukocyte transmigration process during inflammation?
Which factor is essential for the endothelial and leukocyte transmigration process during inflammation?
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What are the three major steps involved in the extravasation of cells during inflammation?
What are the three major steps involved in the extravasation of cells during inflammation?
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a dynamic response of vascularised living tissue to injury. It's a protective response. It brings defense and healing mechanisms to the site of injury.
Aims of Inflammation
- Isolate injury
- Destroy invading microorganisms
- Inactivate toxins
- Prepare damaged tissue for repair and healing
Causes of Inflammation
- Infections
- Trauma
- Physical injury (e.g., heat, radiation)
- Chemical injury
- Immune-mediated reactions
- Adjacent to necrotic tissue
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Calor: Warmth - Hyperaemia
- Rubor: Redness - Hyperaemia
- Dolor: Pain - Nerve, Chemical mediators
- Tumor: Swelling - Exudation
- Functio laesa: Loss of function
Types of Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
- Suppurative
- Localized: abscess, furuncle, carbuncle
- Diffuse: cellulitis
- Non-suppurative
Characteristics of Acute Inflammation
- Strong irritant
- Rapid response
- Short duration
- Vascular dilation
- Excess fluid exudate
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, eosinophils, macrophages
Characteristics of Chronic Inflammation
- Mild irritant
- Gradual onset
- Prolonged duration
- Mild vascular congestion and dilation
- Scanty fluid exudate
- Healing by fibrosis
- Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, giant cells
Acute Inflammation
- Definition: A rapid host response delivering leukocytes and plasma proteins (e.g., antibodies) to sites of infection or tissue injury.
Tissue Response
- Two main components:
- Vascular response
- Cellular response
Vascular Responses
- Vasodilation with increased blood flow
- Increased vascular permeability (proteins and cells)
- Leukocyte transmigration and chemotaxis
Vascular Responses - Mechanisms
- Histamine
- Bradykinin
- Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
- Platelet Activating Factor
- Direct Endothelial Injury
Vascular Responses
- Immediate vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
- Increased vascular permeability
- Contraction of endothelial cells with increased inter-endothelial space mediated by histamine and bradykinin
- Endothelial cell injury: Endothelial cells undergo necrosis and detachment by either direct effect of injurious agent or effect of neutrophils adherent to the wall.
- Transcytosis: Caused by interconnected uncoated vesicles and vacuoles called "vesiculo-organelles",that increase in size in inflammation.
- Formation of inflammatory exudate
Inflammatory Fluid Exudate
- Mechanism:
- Vascular permeability
- Capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Osmotic pressure
- Amount depends on:
- Tissue
- Irritant
- Lymphatic obstruction
Transudate vs Exudate
| Variable | Transudate | Exudate |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Ultrafiltrate of blood plasma | Filtrate of blood plasma mixed with inflammatory cells and debris |
| Capillary permeability | Normal | Increased |
| Composition | Fluid low in protein (<3 gm/dl), clear, liquid like serum, specific gravity <1.015, scant cellular content | Fluid high in protein (>3 gm/dl), turbid, viscous, specific gravity >1.020, numerous neutrophils |
Extravasation of Cells
- Steps:
- Intravascular (inside blood vessels):
- Margination
- Rolling and adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium
- Transmigration across endothelium
- Extravascular (outside blood vessels):
- Chemotaxis
- Phagocytosis
- Intravascular (inside blood vessels):
Cellular Responses - Neutrophil Recruitment
- Margination
- Pavementing
- Transmigration
- Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
- Definition: Directed movement of neutrophils and macrophages in the inflamed area towards the irritant, depending on exogenous bacteria products and endogenous mediators (e.g., complement, arachidonic acid metabolites, chemokines).
Phagocytosis
- Definition: Ingestion and destruction of bacteria, necrotic debris, and foreign particles by phagocytic inflammatory cells. Similar to amoeba feeding.
Cellular Responses
- Opsonization and phagocytosis (Recognition)
- C3b receptor
- Fc receptor
- Complement
- Immunoglobulins
- Engulfment
- Killing and degradation
- Oxidative burst, bacterial killing, and tissue injury
- Reactive Oxygen Metabolites
- Lysosomal Enzymes
Suppurative Inflammation
- Localized inflammation:
- Abscess: Cavity containing pus, commonly caused by staphylococcal infection, in subcutaneous tissues
- Diffuse forms:
- Cellulitis (common in diabetics)
- Suppurative appendicitis
- Septic peritonitis
Non-Suppurative Inflammation
- Catarrhal (rhinitis, appendicitis)
- Membranous (diphtheria)
- Sero-fibrinous (serous membranes)
- Fibrinous (lobar pneumonia)
- Serous (burns, herpes)
- Haemorrhagic (hemolytic strep infection)
- Necrotizing (cancer of the oral cavity)
- Allergic (anaphylactic shock, asthma)
Chronic Inflammation
- Mild irritant, long duration
- Follows acute inflammation
- Mild vascular congestion, dilation
- Scanty fluid exudate
- Healing by fibrosis
- Chronic inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, giant cells)
Chronic Inflammation - Types
- Non-specific
- Chronic abscess
- Specific inflammation (granuloma)
- Tuberculosis
- Bilharziasis
- Granuloma- a collection of inflammatory cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma, giant cells, fibroblasts) that fuse into a tiny micro granules, forming a tumor-like mass;
- Infectious (Bacterial: TB, leprosy, syphilis, Parasitic: Bilharziasis, Fungal: Madura foot, histoplasmosis)
- Non-infectious (Silicosis, asbestosis, sarcoidosis)
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Description
Explore the complex processes of inflammation, including its aims, causes, and cardinal signs. Discover the differences between acute and chronic inflammation, along with the types and characteristics of acute inflammation. This quiz provides a comprehensive understanding of how the body responds to injury and infection.
