Inflammation Overview and Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of transudate compared to exudate?

  • Clear fluid appearance (correct)
  • Contains high protein content
  • Presence of inflammatory cells
  • Has a high specific gravity

Which factor primarily causes the formation of transudate?

  • Decreased hydrostatic pressure
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure (correct)
  • Increased fibrin synthesis
  • Increased vascular permeability

Which of the following best describes the protein content in exudate?

  • Contains primarily immunoglobulins
  • Contains all plasma proteins (correct)
  • Contains only albumin
  • Has low protein levels

What differentiates exudate from transudate in terms of fluid appearance?

<p>Exudate is turbid while transudate is clear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of fluid are fibrin and inflammatory cells typically present?

<p>Exudate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical specific gravity of transudate compared to exudate?

<p>Lower than exudate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the coagulation properties of transudate?

<p>It does not coagulate on standing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acute inflammatory exudate is characterized by clear fluid and minimal cells?

<p>Serous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes increased capillary permeability in the context of inflammation?

<p>Changes in the endothelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of transudate fluid?

<p>Clear fluid with low protein content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammatory fluid is formed later during the inflammatory process?

<p>Exudate fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes exudates?

<p>They include a mixture of blood plasma, high protein content, and cellular debris. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to the formation of transudate fluid?

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure with normal vascular permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endothelial swelling is responsible for which outcome in the vascular response?

<p>Widening of intra-endothelial gaps in post-capillary venules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of increased hydrostatic pressure in the formation of exudate fluid?

<p>It facilitates the leakage of proteinaceous fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame associated with acute inflammation?

<p>Hours to a few days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?

<p>Duration for weeks to months to years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during permanent vasodilation in inflammation?

<p>Increased redness and warmth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT associated with inflammation?

<p>Increased appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is increased during the vascular phase of inflammation that leads to stasis?

<p>Vascular permeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is characterized by being 'so fast you hardly know what hit you'?

<p>Pre-acute inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT indicate a symptom of inflammation?

<p>Increased energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is fluid formed in the inflammatory process?

<p>Through increased vascular permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation falls between acute and chronic in duration?

<p>Subacute inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the loss of function seen in inflammation?

<p>Swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of inflammation?

<p>To eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is commonly added to the name of an organ to indicate inflammation?

<p>-itis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a consequence of inflammation?

<p>Increased risk of cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an adverse effect of inflammation?

<p>Thrombosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of irritants can cause inflammation?

<p>Physical irritants like burns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does inflammation aim to neutralize and inactivate?

<p>Toxins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a type of inflammation NOT linked to a specific organ?

<p>Pleurisy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inflammation in the healing process?

<p>It prepares for healing by removing irritants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions exemplifies inflammation caused by hypersensitivity?

<p>Allergy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of inflammation related to infections?

<p>Viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes fever during systemic inflammation?

<p>Irritation of the thermoregulatory center (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicative of leucocytosis in the context of infections?

<p>Increased neutrophils due to bacterial infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a constitutional symptom of inflammation?

<p>Nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?

<p>Increased inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of inflammation due to chemical irritants?

<p>Exposure to strong alkali (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell type is typically increased during parasitic infections?

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which local cardinal sign of inflammation is characterized by heat?

<p>Redness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is usually reported in chronic inflammatory conditions?

<p>Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does tissue necrosis contribute to inflammation?

<p>By creating ischemia, such as in myocardial infarction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

<p>Increased white blood cell count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Increased Capillary Permeability

A widening of the gaps between endothelial cells, allowing fluid leakage from blood vessels.

Endothelial Swelling

Intra-endothelial gaps widen in post-capillary venules, increasing permeability.

Endothelial Damage

Arterioles, capillaries, and venules are damaged, resulting in leakage of fluid.

Exudate Fluid

Inflammatory fluid with high protein content, cells, and debris.

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Transudate Fluid

Clear fluid with low protein content; an ultrafiltrate of plasma.

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Hydrostatic Pressure

Pressure exerted by fluids like blood on the vessel walls.

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Vascular Permeability

The ability of the blood vessel lining to let substances pass.

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Transudate

Fluid leakage due to increased hydrostatic pressure, a clear filtrate of plasma with low protein content.

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Exudate

Fluid leakage due to increased vascular permeability, cloudy with inflammatory cells, high protein content.

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Hydrostatic pressure

The pressure exerted by fluids within blood vessels.

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Vascular permeability

The state of how easily fluids move through blood vessel walls.

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Specific gravity

The density of a fluid relative to water.

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Serous exudate

A type of exudate characterized by clear fluid with few cells and fibrin, often from injuries.

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Plasma proteins

Proteins present in blood plasma, crucial for various bodily functions.

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Albumin

A protein found in plasma, influencing fluid balance in tissues.

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Inflammation Definition

A local protective response of living vascularized tissues to stimuli, aiming to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agents.

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Inflammation Function

Bring immune cells to injury and prevent further damage.

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Inflammation Effects

Disposal of irritants, consequences, toxins, and preparation for repair; pain, swelling, hypersensitivity, disease are possible outcomes.

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Inflammation Causes (Microbes)

Infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) and their products cause inflammation.

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Inflammation Causes (Physical)

Burns, extreme cold, UV light, and radiation can trigger inflammation.

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Tonsillitis

Inflammation of the tonsils.

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Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver.

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Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura (membrane around the lungs).

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Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs.

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Inflammation Effects (Harmful)

Pain, swelling, organ obstruction, hypersensitivity, and autoimmune diseases are potential adverse outcomes.

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Systemic Fever

A rise in body temperature caused by inflammatory mediators like TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 affecting the thermoregulatory center.

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Constitutional Symptoms

General symptoms like nausea, malaise, and anorexia accompanying inflammation.

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ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

A measure of inflammation in the body.

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Leucocytosis

An increase in white blood cell count, often due to infection.

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Leucopenia

A decrease in white blood cell count, sometimes linked to viral or bacterial infections.

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C-reactive protein

A protein whose levels rise during inflammation, acting as a marker of inflammation.

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Local Inflammation

Inflammation confined to a specific area of the body characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and impairment of function.

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Causes of Inflammation

Inflammation triggered by mechanical, chemical, or biological factors, including trauma, infection, tissue damage or foreign objects.

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Increased WBCs (bacteria)

Neutrophils increase in number to fight bacterial infections.

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Increased WBCs (parasites)

Eosinophils increase in number to fight parasitic infections.

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Acute Inflammation Time

Inflammation lasting hours to a few days

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Chronic Inflammation Time

Inflammation lasting weeks, months, or years

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Inflammation Cardinal Signs

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function

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Inflammation Vascular Change

Changes in blood vessel size and permeability during inflammation

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Inflammation Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, causing redness and heat.

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Inflammation Increased Permeability

Leakage of fluid from blood vessels into surrounding tissues, leading to swelling

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Inflammation Types

Acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation

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Subacute Inflammation

Inflammation between acute and chronic stages

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Inflammation Pathogenesis

The development of the inflammatory process

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Pre-Acute Inflammation

Inflammation's rapid initial phase

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Study Notes

Inflammation

  • Definition: A local protective response of living vascularized tissues to stimuli (injurious agents), aiming to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agent
  • Add the suffix -itis to organ name
  • Examples: Tonsillitis, Rhinitis, hepatitis, colitis, gastritis, cystitis.
  • Exception: Pleuritis is inflammation of pleura
  • Pneumonia is inflammation of lung

Function of Inflammation

  • Bring elements of the immune system to the site of injury and prevent further tissue damage.

Effects of Inflammation

  • Disposal and isolate of the irritants
  • Disposal of the consequences of injury (e.g., necrotic cells)
  • Neutralize & inactivate the toxins
  • Prepare for healing (Repair)
  • May have adverse effects
    • Pain
    • Inflammatory swelling compression or obstruction vital organs (e.g., encephalitis)
    • Hypersensitivity (e.g., Allergy)
    • Autoimmune disease
    • Thrombosis

Causes of Inflammation

  • Microbial infections (bacteria, toxins, viruses, fungi, parasites)
  • Physical irritants (burns, excess cold, ultraviolet light, irradiation)

Increased capillary permeability

  • Due to endothelial changes in the form of either:
    • Endothelial swelling with widening of intra-endothelial gaps of post-capillary venules.
    • Major endothelial damage involving arterioles, capillaries and venules. This results in leakage of proteinacious fluid (exudate) which causes inflammatory edema.

Formation of inflammatory fluid

  • Early – Transudate fluid
    • Is clear fluid with low protein content (mostly albumin)
    • Is an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma due to ↑ hydrostatic pressure with normal vascular permeability
  • Later – Exudate fluid
    • Is a filtrate of blood plasma mixed with high protein content, inflammatory cells and cellular debris.
    • Due to ↑ Hydrostatic pressure + increased vascular permeability

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Description

This quiz explores the definition, functions, and effects of inflammation, as well as the common causes associated with it. Key terms like -itis and examples of various types of inflammation are included to enhance understanding. Test your knowledge about the immune response and its implications for health.

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