أسئلة الخامسة باثو PPPM (قبل التعديل)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of the acute inflammatory response?

To regenerate damaged cells immediately. (correct)
To prepare the tissue for the repair process.
To destroy injurious agents.
To dilute injurious agents.

In acute inflammation, what is the INITIAL vascular response to an irritant?

Slowing of blood flow due to increased blood viscosity.
Permanent arteriolar vasodilation, increasing blood flow to the area.
Increased vascular permeability, causing fluid exudation.
Transient arteriolar vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow briefly. (correct)

Which event contributes MOST to the redness and heat (rubor and calor) observed during acute inflammation?

Transient arteriolar Vasoconstriction
Slowing of blood flow due to hemoconcentration
Increased vascular permeability leading to edema
Permanent arteriolar vasodilation mediated by chemical mediators (correct)

What is the MAIN effect of increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

Escape of protein-rich fluid into the tissue, causing swelling. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chemical mediators released by necrotic and degenerated cells during inflammation?

To mediate vascular changes such as vasodilation and increased permeability. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence BEST describes the vascular events occurring during acute inflammation following tissue injury?

Vasoconstriction → vasodilation → increased permeability → stasis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is MOST directly facilitated by the accumulation of protein-rich fluid at the site of inflammation?

Phagocytosis of bacteria. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the inflammatory response aid in neutralizing bacterial toxins at the injury site?

By diluting the toxins and bringing antibodies to the site. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does inflammatory exudate contribute to the cardinal signs of inflammation?

By exerting pressure on sensory nerves, inducing pain and tenderness. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is most indicative of an inflammatory exudate compared to fluid accumulation due to hydrostatic pressure?

Presence of inflammatory cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism driving the accumulation of protein-rich fluid in an area of inflammation?

Increased capillary permeability. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During the process of leukocyte emigration, which step directly precedes the movement of leukocytes through inter-endothelial gaps?

Firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical systemic effect associated with acute inflammation?

Increased appetite (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemical substances like bradykinin and prostaglandins primarily play in the context of inflammation?

Contributing to the sensation of pain in the inflammatory area. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does vasodilation contribute to the classical signs of inflammation?

It increases blood flow, causing redness and heat. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chemotactic agents in the acute inflammatory response?

To direct the movement of leukocytes towards the site of injury or infection. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of acute inflammation, if the irritant's concentration is progressively diminishing, which cellular response is MOST likely to predominate?

A shift towards a mononuclear cell infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and giant cells. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely result in chronic inflammation rather than acute inflammation?

Continuous exposure to low concentrations of a chemical irritant over an extended period. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of the transient arteriolar vasoconstriction that occurs immediately following tissue injury?

To minimize initial blood loss and provide a brief period of hemostasis before vasodilation takes over. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During acute inflammation, what is the MOST significant consequence of reduced blood flow velocity in the post-capillary venules?

Facilitated adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes, enabling them to reach the site of injury. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the MOST critical role of the protein-rich fluid that accumulates during the exudative phase of acute inflammation?

To deliver antibodies and complement factors to the site of injury, opsonizing pathogens and enhancing phagocytosis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant contribution of leukocyte exudation to the resolution of acute inflammation?

To physically remove cellular debris, pathogens, and foreign materials through phagocytosis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes how chemical mediators released from necrotic cells contribute to the vascular changes observed in acute inflammation?

They trigger vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, promoting exudation and leukocyte recruitment. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important homeostatic purpose served by inflammatory edema in acute inflammation?

To dilute toxins and other harmful substances at the injury site, and to facilitate the influx of immune mediators. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the protein content in inflammatory exudate directly facilitate the inflammatory response, beyond contributing to swelling?

By providing a substrate for the complement system, enhancing opsonization and chemotaxis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant functional consequence of the fibrin content in inflammatory exudate that distinguishes it from a transudate?

Facilitating the formation of a physical barrier that can trap pathogens and prevent their spread. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During leukocyte margination, what specific interaction mediates the rolling of leukocytes along the endothelial surface?

Initial weak binding between selectins on endothelial cells and carbohydrate ligands on leukocytes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of the directional movement of leukocytes towards an irritant during acute inflammation?

To enable precise delivery of immune cells to the site of injury or infection, maximizing phagocytosis and pathogen destruction. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the release of bradykinin and prostaglandins contribute specifically to pain and tenderness during acute inflammation?

By directly stimulating and sensitizing sensory nerve endings, leading to increased pain perception. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induce systemic effects such as fever and leukocytosis during inflammation?

By altering hypothalamic temperature set points and stimulating the release of leukocytes from bone marrow. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST critical role of exudate accumulation in counteracting infection during acute inflammation?

Physically diluting bacterial toxins and delivering antibodies to the site of infection for opsonization. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does vasodilation, a key component of acute inflammation, contribute to the overall healing process beyond simply increasing blood flow?

By enhancing the delivery of immune cells and complement proteins to the affected tissue, amplifying the inflammatory response. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Acute Inflammation

Local response of living vascularized connective tissue to injurious agents, bringing host defense cells and molecules from circulation to injury sites.

Goals of Acute Inflammation

Destroy, dilute, remove, or localize injurious agents and prepare the tissue for repair.

Causes of Acute Inflammation

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, physical irritants, chemical irritants, necrotic tissue, and immune mechanisms.