Inflammation and Wound Healing Quiz

Online Assessment Examination: Histopathology Part 1

• The respondent's email address ([email protected]) was recorded during submission.
• The exam had a total of 96 out of 120 possible points.
• The student's name is JAN CHRISTIAN SIENES.
• The student's school is SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY.
• The exam appears to be for a Histology course, possibly Remote Medical Technology (RMT).
• Sections A, B, C1, C2, D1, D2, and E were part of the examination.

Epithelial Tissue

• The respiratory tract is mainly lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
• Thyroid follicles are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.
• The urinary bladder, ureters, and parts of the urethra are lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal muscle is long, cylindrical, multinucleated, and has obvious striations, which enable voluntary control.
• Cardiac muscle comprises uninucleate, branching cells tightly connected at intercalated disks.
• Visceral muscle (smooth muscle) contains uninucleate cells without striations.

Connective Tissue Stem Cells

• Mesenchymal cells are the stem cell precursors of most connective tissues.

Types of Cartilage

• Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear and the walls of the Eustachian tubes, but not in the intervertebral discs.

Abscess Definition

• An abscess is a localized accumulation of neutrophils and necrotic tissue debris, and it's a form of suppurative inflammation often linked to pyogenic bacteria.

Cell Functions and Healing

• Cells provide a structural framework for the skin and are crucial in wound healing.

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

• Rubor (redness) is primarily due to vasodilation of arterioles, increasing blood flow.

Histamine and Vascular Permeability

• Mast cells are the most likely source of histamine that causes increased vascular permeability during inflammation..

Types of Inflammation

• Serous inflammation is characterized by a watery, low-protein fluid leakage from blood vessels.
• Suppurative/purulent inflammation is characterized by pus formation.

Hypertrophy

• True hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size leading to an increased tissue/organ size.
• False hypertrophy refers to an increase in tissue size due to edema and connective tissue, not cell growth.
• Compensatory hypertrophy is an increase in organ size due to increased workload.

Cell Type Changes

• Metaplasia is a reversible cell change, transforming one cell type into another.
• Anaplasia is an irreversible change where cells lose their organizational properties.

Types of Necrosis

• Caseous necrosis involves the "conversion of normal cells into tombstones". This is a hallmark of caseous necrosis.
• Coagulative necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, and fat necrosis are also types of cell death.

Myocardial Infarction and Necrosis

• Coagulative necrosis is the most suitable description of the necrosis in the heart, caused by a blockage of the left anterior descending coronary artery.

Fatty Tissue Affected by Fatty Degeneration

• The liver is the primary organ affected by fatty degeneration (steatosis).

Cytological Picture

• A cytological picture that is strongly suggestive of malignancy is categorized as Class V.
• A cytological picture that is suggestive but not conclusive for malignancy is categorized as Class III.

Tumour Types

• Carcinoma is cancer originating from epithelial tissues.
• Sarcoma originates from connective tissue.

Tumor Markers

• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a useful marker for monitoring colon cancer recurrence and metastases.

Genital Infections

• Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most likely cause of the vesicles, characterized by intranuclear inclusions and multinucleated giant cells.

Cell Death Mechanisms

• Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death distinct from necrosis.
• Necrobiosis represents death of a group of cells with immediate regeneration of the same kind.

Postmortem Clot

• A postmortem clot is a gelatinous mass characterized by the lack of fibrin attachments to blood vessel walls.

Autopsy Consent

• It is the next of kin or nearest relative who is authorized to give consent to autopsy.

Cytopathology Founder

• George Nicholas Papanicolaou is considered the Father of Cytopathology.
• Rudolf Carl Virchow is often called the Father of Pathology.

Histological Preservation : Freezing Agent

• Liquid nitrogen is commonly used as it is exceptionally quick and effective for freezing when used in histochemistry and during operative procedures.

Fixation Process

• Fixation is the primary step (the most pivotal stage) in histotechnology. It preserves tissue integrity during handling and processing.
• The secondary goal in fixation is to inhibit bacterial decomposition to preserve tissue structure.
• The typical ratio of fixative to tissue volume is generally 10 – 25 times the volume of tissue.
• Immersion fixation refers to placing the tissue being evaluated in a fixative fluid.
• Perfusion fixation is a method to fix tissue by immersing some sort of whole organ, and is typically used with small animals or some organs such as the lungs.

Fixative Selection Guidelines

• Bouin's solution contains picric acid, formalin, and acetic acid.
• Carnoy's method is a fast and effective fixative, but it lacks the inclusion of picric acid.
• Zenker's solution is a mix of formalin, potassium dichromate, and mercuric chloride.
• Formaldehyde solutions typically are between 4 – 10, 37, or even 98%.
• Formalin discoloration can be removed by adding alcoholic picric acid.
• An increase in temperature enhances the speed of fixation.

Additional Methods

• Paraformaldehyde is a chemical used to prevent polymerization of formalin.
• Sodium thiosulfate and saturated solutions of picric acid help dissolve out mercuric chloride which is a necessary step in processing tissues with mercury content in histological preparations.