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Questions and Answers
What is the primary definition of phagocytosis?
What is the primary definition of phagocytosis?
Which of the following is not a phase involved in phagocytosis?
Which of the following is not a phase involved in phagocytosis?
What triggers leukocyte activation?
What triggers leukocyte activation?
Which of the following indicates a localized suppurative inflammation?
Which of the following indicates a localized suppurative inflammation?
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What outcome of acute inflammation results in chronic inflammation?
What outcome of acute inflammation results in chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following is a chemical mediator found in plasma?
Which of the following is a chemical mediator found in plasma?
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What is one of the components of pus?
What is one of the components of pus?
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What is the first step in the sequence of events during inflammation?
What is the first step in the sequence of events during inflammation?
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What is the primary function of inflammation?
What is the primary function of inflammation?
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Which type of inflammatory cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
Which type of inflammatory cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
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What is the characteristic onset time for chronic inflammation?
What is the characteristic onset time for chronic inflammation?
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Which process describes the directed movement of neutrophils towards the site of inflammation?
Which process describes the directed movement of neutrophils towards the site of inflammation?
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Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with the exudate formed during inflammation?
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with the exudate formed during inflammation?
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What role do histamines play in the vascular response during inflammation?
What role do histamines play in the vascular response during inflammation?
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What is the term for the process through which neutrophils adhere to blood vessel walls during inflammation?
What is the term for the process through which neutrophils adhere to blood vessel walls during inflammation?
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Which statement best describes the cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammation?
Which statement best describes the cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammation?
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What is the primary cause of the 'stasis' observed during the vascular response of inflammation?
What is the primary cause of the 'stasis' observed during the vascular response of inflammation?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical local sign of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a typical local sign of inflammation?
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What is the primary causative organism associated with cellulitis?
What is the primary causative organism associated with cellulitis?
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Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of excess watery fluid exudate?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of excess watery fluid exudate?
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Which of the following is a feature of a carbuncle?
Which of the following is a feature of a carbuncle?
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What component is considered the main component of a granuloma?
What component is considered the main component of a granuloma?
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Which mechanism is primarily involved in the spread of cellulitis?
Which mechanism is primarily involved in the spread of cellulitis?
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Which of the following is not typically characterized as a type of purulent inflammation?
Which of the following is not typically characterized as a type of purulent inflammation?
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Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with risk in diabetics?
Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with risk in diabetics?
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Which type of inflammation typically follows acute inflammation?
Which type of inflammation typically follows acute inflammation?
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Study Notes
Inflammation Definition
- A local vascular and cellular response of living tissue against an injurious agent.
Objectives
- Define inflammation
- Differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation
- Recognize the steps of extravasation of inflammatory cells
- Recognize the process of chemotaxis and phagocytosis
- Identify different examples of inflammation
Aims of Inflammation
- Fighting bacteria
- Localizing infection
- Removing damaged tissue
Causes of Inflammation
- Allergic reaction
- Chemical irritants
- Infection
- Trauma/injury
- Burns
- Laceration/cuts/wounds
- Frostbite
- Cardiovascular disease
- Neurological disease
- Autoimmune disease (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis)
- Cancer
- Lupus
- Fibromyalgia
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Types of Inflammation
- Acute inflammation
- Chronic inflammation
Cells in Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Acute:
- Neutrophils: phagocytosis, pus cells
- Chronic:
- Lymphocytes: chronic
- Plasma cells: chronic
- Histiocytes: chronic phagocytosis, monocytes
- Eosinophils: allergy, parasitic
- Mast cells: allergy (histamine, serotonin)
- Giant cells: phagocytosis, histiocytes
Acute & Chronic Inflammation Comparison
| Feature | Acute | Chronic |
|---|---|---|
| Onset | Fast: minutes to hours | Slow: days |
| Cellular infiltrate | Neutrophils mainly | Monocytes/macrophages & Lymphocytes |
| Tissue injury, fibrosis | Usually mild and self-limited | Often severe and progressive |
| Local & Systemic signs | Prominent | Less prominent |
Local Signs of Inflammation
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- Malaise
- Nausea
- Anorexia
- Lymphoid hyperplasia
- CRP, ESR raised
Main Events of Inflammation
- Vascular response
- Inflammatory fluid exudate
- Inflammatory cellular exudate
Vascular Response
- Changes in vascular flow and caliber (vasodilation, stasis)
- Increased vascular permeability (histamine, kinins, endothelial gaps)
Inflammatory Fluid Exudate
- Formation: Increased vascular permeability, increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased osmotic pressure
- Function: Dilute toxins/chemical, bring antibodies, supply nutrients, supply fibrinogen for inflammatory cell and fibroblast movement
Exudate Composition
- Appearance: Turbid (like pus)
- Consistency: Viscous
- Protein content: High (4-8 gm)
- Specific gravity: High (>1018)
- Cell content: Numerous neutrophils
- On standing: Clots
Cellular Exudate
- Steps of Extravasation of neutrophils:
- Margination
- Rolling
- Adhesion
- Transmigration (diapedesis)
- Chemotaxis: Directed movement of neutrophils and macrophages to the site of inflammation. Driven by exogenous/endogenous mediators (complement, arachidonic metabolites, chemokines) that trigger actin polymerization
- Leukocyte activation PMNs produce eicosanoids, degranulate, and secrete cytokines.
Phagocytosis
- Ingestion and destruction of bacteria, necrotic debris, and foreign particles by phagocytic inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages).
- Cellular Responses: Recognition (opsonization), Engulment, Killing/degradation.
Chemical Mediators
- Cellular: Histamine, serotonin, eicosanoids, nitric oxide, platelet activating factor (PAF)
- Plasma: Complement, kinins, clotting factors, fibrinolytic factors
Outcome of Acute Inflammation
- Resolution (complete healing)
- Regression and healing (some damage remains)
- Progression and spread (to other areas)
- Progression to chronicity
Summary of Events
- Vasodilation
- Increased vascular permeability
- Leakage of exudate (stasis)
- Extravasation (margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration)
- Chemotaxis
- PMN activation
- Phagocytosis (recognition, attachment, engulfment, killing/degradation)
- Termination: 100% resolution, scar, or chronic inflammation
Types of Acute Inflammation
- Suppurative (pus-forming)
- Localized: Abscess, furuncle, carbuncle
- Diffuse: Cellulitis, appendicitis, peritonitis
- Non-suppurative (no pus)
- Catarrhal: Rhinitis
- Serous: Pleuritis
- Membranous: Diphtheria
- Fibrinous
- Necrosis
- Hemorrhagic
- Allergic
Characters and Composition of Pus
- Non-coagulable, creamy, alkaline, yellowish or yellowish-green fluid
- Fluid exudate (without fibrin)
- Pus cells (polys, macrophages, RBCs)
- Liquified necrotic tissue
- Bacteria and pigments
Abscess
- Localized suppurative acute inflammation
- Cause: Often Staphylococcus
- Microscopic features: Central necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, peripheral inflamed tissue, granulation tissue, fibrin
- Clinical presentation: Redness, heat, swelling, pain
- Fate: Healing or complications
Chronic Inflammation
- Causes: Persistence of infection, prolonged exposure to insult
- Types: Non-specific (following acute), Specific granuloma
- Granulomas: Chronic specific inflammation with a nodular collection of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, and giant cells.
- Etiology:Infective (TB, leprosy, syphilis, parasitic, fungi), Non-infective (selcosis, foreign bodies, unknown, e.g., Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis)
- Components of granuloma: Histiocytes, epithelioid cells, Langhans' giant cells, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
- Classification: with/without caseation, suppurative (Cat scratch disease), foreign body
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of inflammation and phagocytosis. This quiz covers the phases of phagocytosis, leukocyte activation triggers, and the mediators involved in inflammatory responses. Perfect for students studying biology or related fields.
