Communicable Disease
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body's defense mechanism?

  • To stimulate appetite.
  • To enhance physical performance.
  • To neutralize harmful agents. (correct)
  • To increase body temperature.

    • Which of the following is NOT a local reaction to inflammation?

  • Pain
  • Fever (correct)
  • Swelling
  • Redness

    • What trigger activates the complement system in the body?

  • Injury to tissues.
  • Encounter with a foreign substance. (correct)
  • Release of histamines.
  • Increased body temperature.

    • Which of these is a systemic reaction to inflammation?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do leukocytes play in the inflammatory response?

    <p>They help to neutralize harmful agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with inflammation and indicates a local response?

    <p>Heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key functions of the inflammatory process?

    <p>To limit the spread of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign that reflects the systemic involvement of inflammation?

    <p>Anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period in the context of infection?

    <p>The duration from infectious agent's entry until symptoms appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of infection is characterized by vague complaints and mild symptoms?

    <p>Prodromal stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes an endemic disease?

    <p>A disease that is consistently present in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the illness stage of infection involve?

    <p>Manifestation of specific symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection transmission involves direct contact between patients?

    <p>Exogenous transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a pandemic?

    <p>A widespread epidemic with high proportions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines sporadic diseases?

    <p>Irregular diseases occurring without linkage to other events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of infection do acute symptoms begin to disappear?

    <p>Convalescent stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done immediately after removing gloves?

    <p>Perform hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should gloves be changed according to PPE guidelines?

    <p>Between contact with different body parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended cleaning frequency for the environment?

    <p>As needed based on contamination levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if a caregiver has skin lesions or weeping dermatitis?

    <p>Stop all patient care until condition resolves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an appropriate action for handling blood and body fluid spills?

    <p>Use a disinfectant with microbial activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should caregivers use during CPR to prevent self-contamination?

    <p>A disposable barrier device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation should additional disinfection be performed?

    <p>For specific organisms requiring patient isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dilution of hypochlorite solution is suggested for disinfection?

    <p>1:10 dilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of standard precautions in infection control?

    <p>To prevent the exposure to all microorganisms from blood and bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT part of standard precautions?

    <p>Patient placement in a single room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the guiding principle of standard precautions?

    <p>All bodily fluids and non-intact skin may contain infectious agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cohort isolation entail?

    <p>Grouping patients with the same infectious conditions in the same room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of wearing gloves in a healthcare setting?

    <p>To prevent the transmission of pathogens via contact route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should standard precautions be applied?

    <p>Apply to all patients at all times, regardless of diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should gowns and aprons be worn in a healthcare environment?

    <p>When there is a potential for contact with blood and body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a transmission-based precaution?

    <p>Isolating patients with confirmed infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environment would require designated ward-specific precautions?

    <p>Hospitals with a consistent large number of patients with the same condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of surgical masks in a healthcare setting?

    <p>To protect healthcare personnel from infectious material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding respirators like N95 masks?

    <p>They are designed to prevent airborne pathogen transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component to prevent needlestick injuries?

    <p>Proper handling of patient care equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is fit-testing important for respirators?

    <p>To confirm correct usage and ensure effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of eye protection should be used in case of potential blood exposure?

    <p>Designed goggles or face shields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of face shields compared to goggles?

    <p>They extend from chin to crown for greater protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one incorrect assumption about personal glasses as eye protection in a healthcare setting?

    <p>They can protect against blood splatter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for masks in airborne precaution settings?

    <p>Fit-tested N95 respirators must be worn by staff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applies to droplet precaution?

    <p>Surgical masks should be worn when entering the patient room.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before entering a patient's room while using PPE?

    <p>Plan ahead and obtain necessary supplies before entering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might contact precautions be dependent on the situation?

    <p>When the patient is cohorted with others of the same infection type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is reverse isolation mainly used?

    <p>Immunocompromised conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required regarding the door in airborne precaution settings?

    <p>The door to the room must always be closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended for staff when caring for cohorted patients?

    <p>Hand hygiene and change of PPE must be performed between patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mask is usually not required when assisting with cough-inducing procedures?

    <p>Regular cloth masks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Communicable Diseases Objectives

    • Differentiate between colonization, infection, and disease.
    • Discuss the benefits of vaccines recommended for healthcare workers.
    • Compare and contrast standard and transmission-based precautions, including elements of each.
    • Describe nursing management of patients with infectious diseases.
    • Explain methods to reduce the risk of infection.
    • Apply the nursing process to patient care with infectious diseases.

    Terms to Remember

    • Carrier: A person who has an organism without symptoms but can transmit an infection.
    • Colonization: Microorganisms present on or in a host without causing symptoms.
    • Communicable: Passing from one person to another, directly or indirectly.
    • Health care-associated infection (HAI): An infection not present at admission to a healthcare setting (formerly known as nosocomial).
    • Host: An organism providing living conditions for a microorganism.
    • Incubation period: The time between exposure and onset of signs/symptoms.
    • Infection: The presence and growth of pathogenic microorganisms in a susceptible host.
    • Infectious disease: The outcome of the body's response to a pathogenic microorganism.
    • Normal flora: Non-pathogenic microorganisms that colonize a host.
    • Pathogenic: Disease-producing.
    • Standard precautions: Strategies assuming all patients may carry infectious agents.
    • Susceptible: Lacking immunity to a particular pathogen.
    • Transient flora: Acquired microorganisms that are shed in a relatively short period.
    • Transmission-based precautions: Used in addition to standard precautions, when certain contagious or epidemiologically significant microorganisms are recognized. (categories are airborne, droplet, contact).
    • Virulence: A measure of pathogenicity of an organism.

    Colonization, Infection, and Infectious Disease

    • Microorganisms live in interaction with the environment, and relatively few anatomic sites are sterile.
    • Bacteria provide beneficial normal flora that helps compete with pathogens or work symbiotically.
    • Normal flora leads to a complex ecosystem from resident and transiently present microbes.

    Resident Microbes/Normal Flora (Endogenous)

    • Microorganisms that normally exist in the body, providing natural immunity.
    • They are not harmful and are generally not eliminatable.
    • Methods to eliminate them, such as surgical scrub techniques, are necessary

    Transient Microbes (Exogenous)

    • Acquired through interactions with other humans or the environment.
    • Often removable through hygiene.
    • Under certain conditions, interactions can lead to harm to the host, resulting in infections.

    Colonization vs. Infection

    • Frequently, colonization does not result in disease in a healthy person.
    • Colonization can become pathogenic if introduced to a different site within the same individual.
    • Certain organisms, like Escherichia coli, can cause infections in the urinary tract if introduced there.

    Colonization VS Infection (Laboratory Analysis)

    • Laboratory analysis of clinical specimens alone does not definitively differentiate colonization from infection.
    • Other observations must be used in conjunction with testing for diagnosis, such as patient presentation and symptoms.

    Infectious Disease

    • A state in which an infected host experiences a decline in wellness due to the infection.
    • May or may not be communicable (contagious).

    Colonization vs. Infection (Signs of Sepsis)

    • Clinical presentation of an infection may involve pain, fever, purulent discharge, and inflammation.
    • Laboratory analysis (e.g., sputum analysis or wound swab) can reveal significant bacterial levels.
    • Other supplementary testing (e.g., X-ray, CBC) may support the diagnosis of an infection

    Microbiology Laboratory Reports

    • Primary source of information about most bacterial infections.
    • Includes smear and stain procedures, culture-organism identification, and sensitivity tests to determine antimicrobial susceptibility.

    Transmission of Infection

    • Infectious microorganisms can spread through various modes of transmission, including
      • Direct contact,
      • Indirect contact, (fomites)
      • Airborne,
      • Vector-borne
      • Foodborne,
      • Waterborne.

    4 Stages of Infection

    • Incubation period: Time between infection and first symptoms, during which the pathogen may grow and replicate.
    • Prodromal stage: A period where mild, non-specific symptoms appear.
    • Illness stage: Characterized by specific, acute symptoms.
    • Convalescent stage: Period following the illness where the individual recovers and symptoms subside.

    Terminologies

    • Pandemic: Widespread global outbreak.
    • Epidemic: Localized outbreak affecting a large population.
    • Endemic: Consistently present within a population.
    • Sporadic: Isolated occurrences without an obvious connection.

    Nurses’ Role

    • Understanding infectious disease causes and treatment methods.
    • Implementing infection control strategies.
    • Educating patients to decrease the risk of infection.

    Levels of Prevention

    • Primary: Promoting health, preventing exposure, and preventing disease.
    • Secondary: Stopping or slowing the spread of disease to limit damage to health or organs and to allow prompt, earlier diagnosis.
    • Tertiary: Limiting the damage of the disease after onset.

    Factors Influencing Infectious Disease

    • Host (intrinsic and extrinsic factors).
    • Agent (virulence, ability to infect).
    • Environment (coexisting diseases or conditions, travel, climate, vectors etc).

    The Body’s Defense Against Infection

    • Skin: Mechanical barriers (intact skin and mucous membranes) and chemical barriers (secretions like tears, saliva, sweat, and mucus).

    Protective Defensive Mechanisms

    • Fever, Nutrition, Antigens, Antibodies, and Immunoglobulins

    The Immune Response

    • Detection of pathogens.
    • Recognition as foreign.
    • Discrimination between agents.
    • Storing information about agents in case of re-exposure.
    • Hormonal responses (e.g., glucocorticoids)

    The Body's Defense Against Infection (Normal Flora)

    • Normal microorgansims that coexist with the body, and control the growth of harmful pathogens.

    The Inflammatory Process

    • Immediate, localized response to any injury to cells or tissues.
      • Purpose: -Neutralize and destroy harmful agents -Limit spread of damage to other tissues
        • Prepare damaged tissues for repair.

    Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation

    • Local: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, limitation of function
    • Systemic: Headache, myalgia, fever, diaphoresis, chills, anorexia, malaise.

    Chemical Release and Vascular Changes

    • Complement system is a group of proteins that become activated when encountering a foreign substance.
    • It enhances phagocytosis and inflammatory processes.
    • Example: C-reactive protein (CRP).

    The Chain of Infection

    • Complete chain of events necessary for an infection to occur.
    • Points of intervention to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases

    Causative Organism (Infectious Agent)

    • Organism capable of causing a disease.
    • Characteristics that influence it's ability to infect other patients or individuals
    • Virulence, number of organisms, ability to penetrate the host, susceptibility of the host

    Reservoir

    • The place where an infectious agent lives and grows- can be living or non living.

    Human Reservoirs

    • Colonized/Carrier: person with the infection but not showing symptoms.
    • Infectious (Symptomatic): person displaying signs and symptoms.

    Portal of Exit

    • Any body opening allowing the infectious agent to leave. -Respiratory Tract -Gastrointestinal Tract
      • Genitourinary Tract
      • Blood

    Mode of Transmission

    • How the infection travels between the infected and another person.
      • Direct (e.g., contact, droplet spread)
      • Indirect (e.g., airborne, vehicleborne, vectorborne)

    Portal of Entry

    • Any body opening allowing infectious agent entry. -Respiratory Trct -Gastrointestinal Trct -Genitourinary Trct -Skin, blood, eyes

    Susceptible Host

    • A non-infected person who might acquire an infection. -Factors that affect pathogen acquisition and severity: - Virulence of the pathogen - Presence of co-morbities, risk assessment -Age -Underlying medical conditions
      • Immunosuppression

    Healthcare Waste Management

    • Proper categorization of waste (E.g., black, green, yellow) for disposal.
    • Use of appropriate containers (e.g., puncture-resistant containers for sharps).

    Prevention of Needlestick Injuries

    • Methods for handling needles and sharps to prevent needlestick injury.
    • Proper disposal techniques.

    Transmission-Based Precautions

    • Airborne: Pathogens transmitted through the air (e.g., TB, measles).
    • Droplet: Pathogens spread through large droplets (e.g., influenza).
    • Contact: Direct or indirect contact with contaminated materials and surfaces (e.g., C. difficile).

    Isolation Precautions

    - Guidelines to prevent transmission of microorganisms.
- Two tiers: Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions.

    Disinfection of Equipment

    - Equipment classification for cleaning and disinfection (non-critical, semi-critical, critical).
- Proper use of equipment and materials for cleaning and disinfection.

    Standard Precautions

    • Primary strategy for preventing HAIs in healthcare.
      • Applies to all patients, regardless of diagnosis.
      • Principles: All blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, nonintact skin and mucous membranes may contain infectious material".

    Patient Placement (Empiric, Cohort, Designated Ward-Specific)

    Patient Movement and Transfer

    • Precautions needed based on mode of infection transmission.
    • Involvement and proper information sharing with all departments/wards prior to transfer.
    • Proper use of PPE’s by staff and sometimes the patient
    • Environment decontamination and equipment disinfection following the procedure

    Hand Hygiene, PPE use and Elements of Standard Precautions

    Handwashing Guidelines:

    • Use of soap and water for visibly soiled hands
    • Use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer for visibly clean hands.

    A3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

    • PPE types used in infectious disease care.
    • Proper use protocols/application are essential

    Donning/Doffing of PPE

     - Proper sequence in putting on and taking off personal protective equipment to minimize risk of infection transmission

    PPE Guidelines

    - Guidelines to remind healthcare workers of proper PPE use.
 -PPE usage in various scenarios like patient contact, contaminated environments, and when treating infected persons.

    Decontamination of the Environment

    • Proper cleaning protocols to remove contaminants
    • Use of proper disinfectant for environmental decontamination
    • Appropriate use and handling of cleaning materials

    Infection Prevention and Control

    • Nursing Interventions to prevent health care-associated infections (HAIs) and transmission of infectious diseases.
    • Measures to reduce the risk of HAIs
    • Application of infection prevention and control measures in routine care.

    Home-Care and Family Education

    • Information, education, and infection control measures that nurses provide to family members caring for a patient at home
    • Early identification of signs of infection and risk reduction strategies

    Reducing Risk to Household Members

    Nursing Management: Assessment

    • Assessing patients with infectious diseases, including thorough health history
    • Physical assessment and examination findings to identify signs and symptoms of infection.
    • Use of lab tests to diagnose or rule out infection.
    • Follow-up and monitoring of patients

    Nursing Management: Diagnosis

    • Identifying and diagnosing patients who are at risk of an infection
    • Assessment, monitoring and tracking for early detection and treatment.

    Nursing Management: Interventions

    • Nursing interventions to prevent infection transmission
    • Managing complications that may arise
    • Initiating anti-microbial therapy as required

    Nursing Management: Evaluation

    • Evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, ensuring patient improvements, and comfort, and meeting nutritional and hydration needs.
    • Monitor vital signs to evaluate the severity or outcome of infection -Assess overall patient, family, and community health and well-being in case of any infection

    Community Care

    Vaccination Programs

    • Vaccination methods and the rationale behind vaccination programs to prevent infectious disease transmission
    • Nursing implications for vaccinations.

    Types of Vaccines

    -Different types of vaccines (e.g., live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, RNA-based).

    Adverse Effects of Vaccination

    • Common side effects and reactions
    • Rare but serious side effects
    • Contraindications and precautions

    Rare But Severe Side Effects

    • Common adverse reactions and events associated with infectious disease vaccinations.
    • Examples (anaphylaxis, encephalitis).
    • Contraindications for use

    Common Vaccines:

    • Vaccines recommended to individuals of different ages.
    • Number of doses required per vaccination program.
    • Important information or details concerning vaccination programs (e.g. Not recommended for pregnant women, immunocompromised).

    Nursing Management: Assessment (Physical Assessment)

    • Thorough patient history and identification signs/symptoms that suggest an infection
    • Diagnostic Lab tests, to confirm or rule out suspected patients.
    • Physical assessment/examination using all senses and findings

    Nursing Management: Diagnoses

    • Nursing diagnoses related to infectious diseases

    Nursing Management: Interventions

    • Nursing interventions to manage infection and related needs (e.g., monitoring, managing complications, treatment of infections promptly)

    Nursing Management: Evaluation

    • Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions
    • Monitoring patient progress and outcomes
    • Ensuring patient comfort and safety

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    Communicable Diseases PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the body's defense mechanisms, focusing on inflammation and infection stages. This quiz will cover various aspects, including local and systemic reactions, leukocyte functions, and disease characteristics.

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