24 Questions
What is the primary function of fibrin in the inflammatory response?
To wall off the infected area, preventing the spread of pathogens
Which of the following is a result of systemic inflammation?
Significant fluid loss from the blood into tissues
What is the primary role of phagocytes in the inflammatory response?
To remove microorganisms and dead tissue
What is the result of local inflammation on tissue function?
Loss of tissue function due to tissue destruction, swelling, and pain
What is the role of chemical mediators in the inflammatory response?
To attract phagocytes to the site of infection
What is the primary function of complement activation in the inflammatory response?
To further enhance the inflammatory response and attract additional phagocytes
What is the result of excessive vascular permeability in systemic inflammation?
Significant fluid loss from the blood into tissues, potentially causing shock and death
What is the role of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
To promote phagocytosis and eliminate pathogens
Which component of the immune system is responsible for directly lysing bacterial cells?
Complement proteins
What is the primary function of interferons in response to viral infections?
To stimulate the production of antiviral proteins
Which type of white blood cell is usually the first to arrive at the site of infection?
Neutrophils
What is the role of leukotrienes in the immune response?
To attract white blood cells to the site of infection
What is the primary function of complement proteins in the immune response?
To mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
What is the role of white blood cells in the immune response?
To patrol the body for invaders
What is the result of viral infection on interferon production?
Stimulation of interferon production
What is the role of chemotaxis in the immune response?
To attract white blood cells to the site of infection
Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
Ability to recognize and target specific substances
What is the primary function of lysozyme in the body?
To kill certain bacteria by breaking down their cell walls
What is the result of increased vascular permeability during inflammation?
Immune cells and proteins are able to move more easily out of blood vessels and into tissues
What is the primary mechanism of phagocytosis in innate immunity?
Physical removal of pathogens from the body
What is the role of mucus in the body's defense against infection?
To trap and eliminate pathogens from the body
What is the primary function of histamine in the body's response to infection?
To promote inflammation and increase blood flow
What is the result of vasodilation during inflammation?
Increased blood flow to the affected area
What is the primary difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity lacks specificity and memory, while adaptive immunity has both
Study Notes
Infection and Inflammation
- Fibrin helps to wall off the infected area, preventing the spread of pathogens
- Complement activation further enhances the inflammatory response and attracts additional phagocytes
- Chemical mediators and phagocyte attraction promote the elimination of pathogens and tissue repair
Types of Inflammation
Local Inflammation
- Confined response limited to a specific area of the body
- Symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, and pain due to increased blood flow and vascular permeability
- Loss of function results from tissue destruction, swelling, and pain
Systemic Inflammation
- Generalized response distributed throughout the body
- Additional features:
- Increased neutrophil production
- Fever production
- Severe cases: excessive vascular permeability leading to fluid loss and potentially causing shock and death
Role of White Blood Cells in Immunity
- White blood cells and their derivatives play central roles in the body's immune defense against pathogens
- Produced in the red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
- Released into the bloodstream to patrol the body for invaders
Interferons
- Definition: proteins produced by infected cells in response to viral infections
- Function: protect against viral infections by binding to neighboring cells and stimulating them to produce antiviral proteins
- Activation: viral infection triggers the production of interferons by infected cells
Chemotaxis and Chemical Attraction
- Function: attract white blood cells to the site of infection or injury
- Chemical signals: chemicals released from pathogens or damaged tissues act as signals to attract white blood cells
- Chemicals involved: complement proteins, leukotrienes, and others
Lymphatic System
- Lacks specificity and memory; every exposure triggers the same response
- Example: each time a bacterial cell enters the body, it is phagocytized at the same speed and efficiency
Adaptive Immunity
- Recognition and response: recognizes and destroys pathogens with an improved response upon subsequent exposures
- Characteristics: specificity, memory, and ability to distinguish among different substances
- Function: promotes inflammation and immune response
Chemical Mediators
Surface Chemicals
- Lysozyme: found in tears and saliva, kills certain bacteria by breaking down their cell walls
- Mucus: found on mucous membranes, traps pathogens, preventing their entry into the body
Inflammatory Chemicals
- Histamine, complement, prostaglandins, leukotrienes: promote inflammation
- Mechanism: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and others
This quiz covers the role of fibrin in walling off infected areas, complement activation, and the resulting inflammatory response. Learn how the body responds to pathogens and the consequences of systemic inflammation.
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